Dissertation/ Thesis
Synthesis of sulfonated carbon metal catalysts and optimization of levulinic acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose
| Title: | Synthesis of sulfonated carbon metal catalysts and optimization of levulinic acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Zulkipli, Nor Akhlisah |
| Publication Year: | 2024 |
| Collection: | Universiti Putra Malaysia: PSAS (Perpuskataan Sultan Abuld Samad) Institutional Repository |
| Subject Terms: | Oil palm - By-products, Heterogeneous catalysis, Cellulose - Analysis |
| Description: | Levulinic acid (LA) is an important building block chemical that can be produced from both monosaccharides and polysaccharides via hydrolysis reactions. Nowadays, biomass waste including oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is an attractive source of LA due to their high cellulose content. Therefore, this study focuses on the production of LA from OPEFB-based cellulose utilizing sulfonated carbon metal catalysts. In the first part, a sulfonated carbon metal catalyst was synthesized and evaluated for its performance to produce LA. Among different ratios of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni)-based catalysts, Fe.75Ni which referred to 25% Fe and 75% Ni, exhibited the most promising activity for LA production and yielded 10.51 % from cellulose at 180 ºC for 5 h using 0.15 g catalyst loading. Subsequent impregnation of different Fe.75Ni metal loadings into sulfonated carbon catalyst led to further improvement in LA synthesis. 15%FeNi/ACSO3H (15% Fe.75Ni impregnated into ACSO3H) catalyst achieved the highest LA which was 16.76%. based on theoretical yield from cellulose at 180 °C, 5 hours, and 0.15g catalyst loading. The synthesized catalyst can be reused for four reaction cycles. In the second part, the catalyst characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Characterization studies confirmed successful metal incorporation in the ACSO3H catalyst. Furthermore, the 15%FeNi/ACSO3H catalyst demonstrated favorable properties such as a good surface area, high acidity value and good thermal stability which are advantageous to the synthesis of LA. However, from the results obtained using cellulose, the LA yield was relatively low indicating the necessity for cellulose modification. Subsequently, the study focused on enhancing the LA yield ... |
| Document Type: | thesis |
| File Description: | text |
| Language: | English |
| Relation: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/125932/2/FK%202024%2039%20-%20Declaration%20Form.pdf; http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/125932/3/FK%202024%2039%20-%20Full%20Text.pdf; http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/125932/7/FK%202024%2039.pdf; Zulkipli, Nor Akhlisah (2024) Synthesis of sulfonated carbon metal catalysts and optimization of levulinic acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. |
| Availability: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/125932/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/125932/7/FK%202024%2039.pdf http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/19004 |
| Rights: | cc_by_nc_nd_4 |
| Accession Number: | edsbas.B8173A1E |
| Database: | BASE |
| Description not available. |