Bog Set u egipatskoj kraljevskoj ideologiji

Bibliographic Details
Title:	Bog Set u egipatskoj kraljevskoj ideologiji
Authors:	Licitar, Maja
Contributors:	Vilogorac Brčić, Inga
Publisher Information:	Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Filozofski fakultet. Odsjek za povijest., 2025.
Publication Year:	2025
Subject Terms:	egipatski panteon, Egyptian pantheon, chaos, kaos, Pyrameses, mythology, simbolika, arheološki ostaci, HUMANISTIC SCIENCES. History. Ancient History, Seti I, rat, war, excavation, Pirameze, religija, temple, Ramzes II, Ramses II, mitologija, God Set, symbolism, HUMANISTIČKE ZNANOSTI. Povijest. Stara povijest, religion, Bog Set, citadel, citadela, archaeological remains, storm, oluja, hram, iskopavanje
Description:	The god Set is one of the most complex and ambivalent deities in ancient Egyptian religion, whose role evolved significantly over millennia, adapting to various social, political, and religious contexts. His reputation is often divided between symbolizing chaos and evil, and being a necessary force of change and protection. Although in the most well-known myths, such as the murder of his brother Osiris, he is portrayed as a villain and destroyer of divine order, his role was much broader and more complex. Even in the earliest Egyptian cultures, during the predynastic period, archaeological findings and depictions such as hippopotamuses and hunting scenes reveal a deep symbolism of duality, conflict, and mutual dependence between opposing forces, good and evil, order and chaos, which the myth of Horus and Set further elaborates. Set’s animal, a mythological creature combining features of a dog, donkey, and other animals, became a key symbol of his power and presence. These creatures represented both a threat and a destructive force, but also protection and strength, reflecting Set’s very nature as a god who balances opposites. During the dynastic development of Egypt, Set’s position and meaning continued to change. During the rule of the Hyksos, foreign rulers who occupied northern Egypt, Set rose to prominence as a principal deity, especially in Avaris, where temples were built in his honor and he was associated with royal power and protection. His name was often pronounced as Sutekh, and his cult was closely linked to gods from Canaan and other Asian regions, such as Baal, further symbolizing his role as a god of foreigners. Although the Hyksos were later expelled and branded as enemies, Set’s worship did not cease but continued in certain parts of Egypt, particularly in the Delta region. In the New Kingdom, despite the dominance of the cult of Amun from Thebes, Set retained an important place in the religious and political system. Pharaohs emphasized the need for balance between divine forces, where Set, along with Horus and Re, formed a complex system of power crucial for maintaining the world. Set was considered a warrior and protective god who, although sometimes dangerous and unpredictable, ensured the safety and stability of the kingdom. Pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and Amenhotep III affirmed the importance of this balance in their titles and religious practices. During the Ramesside dynasty, originating from northern Egypt, Set’s cult reached its peak. Ramesses I, Ramesses II, and their successors built large temples dedicated to him and invoked him as the warrior protector of Egypt. Set was a vital part of royal legitimacy and power, present in titles, prayers, and everyday religious practices of ordinary people. The temple in Abydos, built during this period, testifies to Set’s enduring importance among Egyptian gods. Set’s ambivalence as a god of foreigners and simultaneously a protector, as a symbol of chaos and order, reflects the deep Egyptian philosophy of the world in which opposing forces not only conflict but also complement each other, enabling cyclical renewal and the endurance of the world. Set’s complex and contradictory nature ensured that he remained an important and often invoked deity throughout Egypt’s history. His role as a symbol of conflict, but also of protection, shows how essential he was for understanding the world and its changes. Because of this, interest in Set remains strong even today, as he represents not only a threat but also an inevitable force that leads to new beginnings. Bog Set jedan je od najkompleksnijih i najambivalentnijih božanstava staroegipatske religije, čija je uloga kroz tisućljeća doživjela značajne promjene i prilagodbe različitim društvenim, političkim i religijskim okolnostima. Njegova reputacija često je podijeljena između simbolike kaosa i zla, te nužne sile promjene i zaštite. Iako je u najpoznatijim mitovima, poput onog o ubojstvu brata Ozirisa, prikazivan kao negativac i razarač božanskog poretka, njegova uloga bila je mnogo šira i složenija. Već u najranijim egipatskim kulturama, još u preddinastičkom razdoblju, kroz arheološke nalaze i prikaze poput nilskih konja i lova, prisutna je duboka simbolika dualnosti, sukoba i međusobne ovisnosti suprotstavljenih sila dobra i zla, reda i kaosa, koje mit o Horusu i Setu dodatno elaborira. Setova životinja, mitološko biće s kombinacijom osobina psa, magarca i drugih životinja, postaje ključni znak njegove moći i prisutnosti. Ta bića predstavljaju prijetnju i destruktivnu silu, ali isto tako i zaštitu i snagu, što je odraz same prirode Seta kao boga koji balansira između suprotnosti. Tijekom dinastičkog razvoja Egipta, Setova pozicija i značenje dodatno su se mijenjali. U razdoblju vladavine Hiksa, stranih vladara koji su zauzeli sjeverni dio Egipta, Set je doživio uspon kao glavno božanstvo, posebno u Avarisu, gdje su mu podizani hramovi i gdje su ga povezivali s kraljevskom moći i zaštitom. Njegovo ime tada se često izgovaralo kao Sutekh, a kult je bio usko povezan s božanstvima iz Kanaana i drugih azijskih područja, poput Baala, što je dodatno simboliziralo njegovu ulogu boga stranaca. Iako su Hiksi nakon svoga pada bili izopćeni i označeni kao neprijatelji, štovanje Seta nije prestalo, već je nastavilo živjeti u određenim dijelovima Egipta, posebice u Delti. U Novom kraljevstvu, iako je dominirao kult boga Amuna iz Tebe, Set je zadržao važno mjesto u religijskom i političkom sustavu. Faraoni su naglašavali potrebu ravnoteže između božanskih sila, gdje Set, zajedno s Horusom i Reom, predstavlja složeni sustav moći koji je ključan za očuvanje svijeta. Set je smatran ratničkim i zaštitničkim bogom koji, premda ponekad opasan i nepredvidiv, osigurava sigurnost i stabilnost kraljevstva. Faraoni poput Hatšepsut, Tutmozisa III. i Amenofisa III. potvrdili su važnost ove ravnoteže u svojim titulama i religijskim praksama. U dinastiji Ramesida, koja potječe iz sjevernog Egipta, kult Seta doživljava vrhunac. Ramzes I., Ramzes II. i njihovi nasljednici gradili su mu velike hramove i zazivali ga kao ratničkog zaštitnika Egipta. Set je bio važan dio kraljevske legitimacije i moći, prisutan u titulama i molitvama, kao i u svakodnevnim religijskim praksama običnog naroda. Hram u Abidosu, koji je sagrađen tijekom tog razdoblja, svjedoči o trajnoj važnosti Seta među egipatskim božanstvima. Ta ambivalentnost Seta kao boga stranaca i istovremeno zaštitnika, kao simbola kaosa i reda, odražava duboku filozofiju egipatskog shvaćanja svijeta u kojemu suprotstavljene sile ne samo da se sukobljavaju, već i nadopunjuju, omogućujući cikličnu obnovu i opstojnost svijeta. Setova složena i proturječna priroda učinila je da on kroz cijelu povijest Egipta bude važan i često prizivan bog. Njegova uloga kao simbola sukoba, ali i zaštite, pokazuje koliko je bio bitan za razumijevanje svijeta i njegovih promjena. Upravo zbog toga, i danas je interes za Seta snažan, jer predstavlja ne samo prijetnju, nego i neizbježnu snagu koja vodi ka novim početcima.
Document Type:	Master thesis
File Description:	application/pdf
Language:	Croatian
Access URL:	https://repozitorij.ffzg.unizg.hr/islandora/object/ffzg:14150/datastream/PDF https://repozitorij.ffzg.unizg.hr/islandora/object/ffzg:14150 https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:131:656190
Rights:	URL: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
Accession Number:	edsair.od......9415..14ba19c7fc7a2caa3f62ab6fe7bffeb3
Database:	OpenAIRE

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