Academic Journal
Spiritual monachopsis and depressive symptoms among university students in Türkiye: a cross-sectional study.
| Τίτλος: | Spiritual monachopsis and depressive symptoms among university students in Türkiye: a cross-sectional study. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Okur S; Department of Philosophy and Religious Sciences, Division of Psychology of Religion, Faculty of Theology, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Türkiye. suheybokur@bayburt.edu.tr. |
| Πηγή: | BMC psychology [BMC Psychol] 2026 Oct 15; Vol. 14 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Oct 15. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101627676 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2050-7283 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20507283 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Psychol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2013]- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Students*/psychology , Students*/statistics & numerical data , Depression*/psychology , Spirituality*, Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Universities ; Young Adult ; Male ; Turkey ; Adult ; Adolescent |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Spiritual life can serve as a psychological resource, but it may also involve disconnection, incongruence, and non-belonging. This cross-sectional study examined whether spiritual monachopsis-a sense of displacement within one's relationship with the divine, belief system, and religious social environment-was associated with depressive symptoms beyond spiritual orientation and spiritual psychological robustness. Methods: Participants were 550 undergraduate students at Bayburt University in Türkiye (58.0% women). They completed the Spiritual Monachopsis Scale, Spiritual Orientation Scale, Spiritual Psychological Robustness Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Scale structure and reliability were evaluated. Primary association analyses used correlations with Holm-adjusted p values and hierarchical regression with robust standard errors, bootstrap confidence intervals, and repeated cross-validation. Parcel-based structural equation modeling served as a supplementary robustness analysis. Results: Spiritual monachopsis showed a small positive cross-sectional correlation with depressive symptoms (r = .223, p < .001). After adjustment for demographic characteristics, spiritual orientation, and spiritual psychological robustness, its conditional association remained positive (β = 0.217, p < .001); adding spiritual monachopsis increased model R² by 0.046. Spiritual orientation and spiritual psychological robustness had no significant adjusted associations with depressive symptoms. In exploratory analyses, all three subdimensions correlated with depressive symptoms, but only Religious Social Alienation retained an adjusted association (β = 0.148, Holm-adjusted p = .043); coefficient differences were nonsignificant, and the subdimension model did not outperform the total-score model. Conclusions: The findings provide preliminary evidence of an incremental cross-sectional association relative to the demographic variables and two positive spirituality measures included in this study. The exploratory subdimension findings do not establish Religious Social Alienation as the principal component or an explanatory mechanism. The findings do not establish causality or clinical utility. (© 2026. The Author(s).) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Bayburt University Rectorate Ethics Committee approved the study (decision date: 16 May 2025; decision no. 271; session no. 6; document dated 23 May 2025, no. 280536). Online informed consent was obtained from all participants before they accessed the study measures. Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript contains no identifiable individual participant information. Competing interests: The author declare no competing interests. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Depressive symptoms; Religious and spiritual struggles; Spiritual monachopsis; Spiritual orientation; Spiritual psychological robustness; University students |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20261016 Date Completed: 20261016 Latest Revision: 20261019 |
| Update Code: | 20261019 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13673757 |
| DOI: | 10.1186/s40359-026-05803-9 |
| PMID: | 42881476 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 2050-7283 |
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| DOI: | 10.1186/s40359-026-05803-9 |