Academic Journal
Can bilingual readers process language membership of multiple words in parallel?
| Τίτλος: | Can bilingual readers process language membership of multiple words in parallel? |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Koc A; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. aybora.koc@vub.be., Xheladini A; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium., Declerck M; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. |
| Πηγή: | Attention, perception & psychophysics [Atten Percept Psychophys] 2026 Oct 13; Vol. 88 (7). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Oct 13. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101495384 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1943-393X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19433921 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Atten Percept Psychophys Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: 2011- : New York : Springer Original Publication: Austin, Tex. : Psychonomic Society |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Pattern Recognition, Visual*/physiology , Multilingualism* , Reading* , Psycholinguistics*, Humans ; Young Adult ; Reaction Time ; Female ; Male |
| Περίληψη: | We examined whether bilingual readers can extract language membership information from multiple words at once. Dutch-English bilinguals completed a lexical decision task in a flankers paradigm, with viewing times manipulated either to constrain (50 ms) or allow (170 ms) sequential reading. The findings revealed reliable congruency effects (i.e., slower on the central target word when the flankers were presented in a different language than when they were presented in the same language) in 170 ms, but this effect disappeared when the stimulus was presented for 50 ms. The pattern indicates limited parallel extraction of language membership information across multiple words. OPEN PRACTICES STATEMENT: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in OSF ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MX2NU ). The stimuli, trial-level data for both experiments, and the analysis code are provided in this repository link. The study was not preregistered. (© 2026. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval and consents: Participants gave informed consent for participation and publication of the results through the experiment software in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study approval was obtained by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Competing interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. |
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Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 2000–2017. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01916-z. (PMID: 10.3758/s13414-019-01916-z) |
| Grant Information: | SRP88 Strategic Research Program of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Bilingualism; Language membership; Parallel processing; Serial reading; Visual word processing |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20261013 Date Completed: 20261014 Latest Revision: 20261030 |
| Update Code: | 20261030 |
| DOI: | 10.3758/s13414-026-03334-4 |
| PMID: | 42870133 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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| Header | DbId: cmedm DbLabel: MEDLINE An: 42870133 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Can bilingual readers process language membership of multiple words in parallel? – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Koc+A%22">Koc A</searchLink>; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. aybora.koc@vub.be.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xheladini+A%22">Xheladini A</searchLink>; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Declerck+M%22">Declerck M</searchLink>; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101495384%22">Attention, perception & psychophysics</searchLink> [Atten Percept Psychophys] 2026 Oct 13; Vol. 88 (7). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Oct 13. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer%22">Springer </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>101495384 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1943-393X (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2219433921%22">19433921 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Atten Percept Psychophys <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: 2011- : New York : Springer<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Austin, Tex. : Psychonomic Society – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pattern+Recognition%2C+Visual%22">Pattern Recognition, Visual*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Pattern+Recognition%2C+Visual+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Multilingualism%22">Multilingualism*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Reading%22">Reading*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psycholinguistics%22">Psycholinguistics*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reaction+Time%22">Reaction Time</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: We examined whether bilingual readers can extract language membership information from multiple words at once. Dutch-English bilinguals completed a lexical decision task in a flankers paradigm, with viewing times manipulated either to constrain (50 ms) or allow (170 ms) sequential reading. The findings revealed reliable congruency effects (i.e., slower on the central target word when the flankers were presented in a different language than when they were presented in the same language) in 170 ms, but this effect disappeared when the stimulus was presented for 50 ms. The pattern indicates limited parallel extraction of language membership information across multiple words. OPEN PRACTICES STATEMENT: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in OSF ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MX2NU ). The stimuli, trial-level data for both experiments, and the analysis code are provided in this repository link. The study was not preregistered.<br /> (© 2026. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.) – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consents: Participants gave informed consent for participation and publication of the results through the experiment software in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study approval was obtained by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Competing interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: Adelman, J. S., Marquis, S. J., & Sabatos-DeVito, M. G. (2010). Letters in words are read simultaneously, not in left-to-right sequence. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1799–1801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610387442. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1177%2F095679761038744221030682%22">10.1177/095679761038744221030682)</searchLink><br />Angele, B., Tran, R., & Rayner, K. (2013). Parafoveal–foveal overlap can facilitate ongoing word identification during reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39(2), 526–538. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222866764%22">22866764)</searchLink><br />Altarriba, J., Kambe, G., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2001). Semantic codes are not used in integrating information across eye fixations in reading: Evidence from fluent Spanish-English bilinguals. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 875–890. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194444. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E3758%2FBF03194444%22">10.3758/BF03194444)</searchLink><br />Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford University Press.<br />Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 390–412. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejml%2E2007%2E12%2E005%22">10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005)</searchLink><br />Brysbaert, M., Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2014). Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 904–911. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E3758%2Fs13428-013-0403-524142837%22">10.3758/s13428-013-0403-524142837)</searchLink><br />Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. Pergamon Press. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1037%2F10037-000%22">10.1037/10037-000)</searchLink><br />Coltheart, M., Davelaar, E., Jonasson, J. T., & Besner, D. (1977). Access to the internal lexicon. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance VI (pp. 535–555). Erlbaum.<br />Dare, N., & Shillcock, R. (2013). Serial and parallel processing in reading: Investigating the effects of parafoveal orthographic information on non-isolated word recognition. 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