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Energy expenditure of bonobos across their locomotor repertoire.

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Τίτλος: Energy expenditure of bonobos across their locomotor repertoire.
Συγγραφείς: Druelle F; UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, EFS , Marseille, France.; Functional Morphology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium., Guéry JP; La Vallée des Singes , Romagne, France., Narat V; UMR 7206 EA, MNHN, CNRS, Université Paris Cité , Paris, France.
Πηγή: Biology letters [Biol Lett] 2026 Oct 14; Vol. 22 (10).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: The Royal Society Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101247722 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1744-957X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17449561 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Biol Lett Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : The Royal Society, 2005-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Pan paniscus*/physiology , Locomotion*/physiology , Energy Metabolism*, Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Models, Biological ; Male ; Female
Περίληψη: Unlike quadrupedal mammals, primates use diverse locomotor modes adapted to arboreal environments. Such diversity of movements challenges allometric models, which underestimate energetic costs by focusing on steady-state walking. To address this, we combined ethological and biomechanical approaches to estimate the net metabolic cost of transport in bonobos (Pan paniscus). Using three-dimensional tracking and a point-mass model, we derived this estimate from net mechanical power and muscle efficiency across locomotor modes. Our results show that quadrupedalism in bonobos (10-12 J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹) exceeds mammalian predictions (approx. 3 J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹), whereas vertical ascent (26-32 J kg⁻¹ m⁻¹) is the most costly mode. However, arboreal locomotion incurs no major energetic penalty, given the high potential for energy recovery via kinetic/potential energy exchange during vertical descent and suspensory locomotion. By integrating these data with field-derived locomotor repertoires, we estimate that daily travel distances (0.4-6 km) account for 3-53% of bonobos' daily energy expenditure. Reversing quadrupedal/bipedal proportions in this model shifts costs to 4-62%. Notably, even with 35% bipedalism, 2 km daily travel remains energetically feasible for bonobos. This suggests that early hominins could have incorporated bipedalism into diverse repertoires without facing energetic constraints, and that increased travel distance may have driven selective pressure for greater bipedal efficiency.
(© 2026 The Authors.)
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Grant Information: LOBO-4 (2022) Human and Environment Department of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris (France); LOBO-42 (2024) Human and Environment Department of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris (France)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Pan paniscus; energetic; evolution; locomotor repertoire; point-mass model
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20261013 Date Completed: 20261013 Latest Revision: 20261022
Update Code: 20261022
PubMed Central ID: PMC13682554
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2026.0427
PMID: 42869453
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1744-957X
DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2026.0427