Differential associations of the timing and amount of social media use with sleep quality and academic performance among undergraduate medical and dental students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Differential associations of the timing and amount of social media use with sleep quality and academic performance among undergraduate medical and dental students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.
Συγγραφείς:	Atif K; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia., Ahmad A; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Khan AU; Saidu Teaching Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Khan A; King Abdullah Teaching Hospital, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Ullah A; Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Amjad MU; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Khan MT; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Kakakhel M; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Qasim M; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Bin Shakoor MT; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Latif A; Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan., Qazi S; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Πηγή:	Frontiers in public health [Front Public Health] 2026 Sep 28; Vol. 14, pp. 1968305. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 28 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Frontiers Editorial Office Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101616579 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2296-2565 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22962565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: Lausanne : Frontiers Editorial Office
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Social Media/statistics & numerical data , Academic Performance/statistics & numerical data , Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Students, Medical/psychology , Students, Dental/statistics & numerical data , Students, Dental/psychology , Sleep Quality*, Pakistan/epidemiology ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Male ; Time Factors ; Young Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Adult ; Digital Media
Περίληψη:	Background: Poor sleep and reduced academic performance among medical and dental students have been linked to social media use; however, whether the amount, purpose, and timing of use are independently associated with these outcomes remains unclear. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 364 students enrolled in MBBS or BDS programs at ten institutions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, were recruited through convenience sampling and completed a paper-based questionnaire between October 2023 and April 2024. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and academic performance was assessed using self-reported percentage marks from the most recent professional examination. The models were adjusted for background characteristics and other social media exposures. Results: Poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) was present in 312 students (85.7%, 95% CI 81.7-88.9). Duration of pre-sleep social media use was the only exposure independently associated with the PSQI global score (B = 1.594, 95% CI 1.081 to 2.106, p < 0.001), while total daily use was not. Conversely, each one-category increase in total daily use was associated with examination scores that were 1.40 percentage points lower (B = -1.404, 95% CI -2.053 to -0.756, p < 0.001). The classification of platform-derived purpose was not associated with either outcome; however, a secondary measure of purpose, the proportion of use devoted to academic work, was associated with a higher examination percentage (B = 2.148, 95% CI 1.513 to 2.782, p < 0.001). Thus, conclusions about purpose depended on how it was measured. Nocturnal checking was not associated with either outcome. Fitting both outcomes in a single model supported outcome specificity, most clearly for pre-sleep use (difference in standardized β = -0.271, p = 0.006; total daily use, 0.235, p = 0.023). Conclusion: Sleep quality was primarily associated with when social media was used, while examination performance was related to how much social media was used. These exploratory associations from a convenience sample cannot establish causal direction, apply to the participating institutions rather than to Pakistani students generally, and require replication with prospective designs and objective measures in future studies. (Copyright © 2026 Atif, Ahmad, Khan, Khan, Ullah, Amjad, Khan, Kakakhel, Qasim, Bin Shakoor, Latif and Qazi.)
Competing Interests:	The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References:	J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2025 Jan 27;15(1):8. (PMID: 39869139) Prev Med. 2016 Apr;85:36-41. (PMID: 26791323) Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Feb 12;16(3):. (PMID: 30759792) Med Teach. 2018 Sep;40(sup1):S77-S82. (PMID: 29732945) Int J Gen Med. 2024 Jul 15;17:3093-3106. (PMID: 39049834) Inquiry. 2026 Jan-Dec;63:469580251413526. (PMID: 41608860) PLoS One. 2022 Oct 20;17(10):e0276226. (PMID: 36264928) Front Public Health. 2025 May 13;13:1551905. (PMID: 40433493) Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Aug 05;18(16):. (PMID: 34444042) Sleep Med X. 2024 Nov 22;8:100134. (PMID: 39677974) Med J Armed Forces India. 2021 Feb;77(Suppl 1):S37-S41. (PMID: 33612930) Medsurg Nurs. 2008 Dec;17(6):411-2. (PMID: 19248407) Adv Med Educ Pract. 2023 Dec 14;14:1401-1412. (PMID: 38111788) Cureus. 2024 Jun 20;16(6):e62796. (PMID: 39036273) J Sleep Res. 2023 Dec;32(6):e13928. (PMID: 37183177) Sleep Med Rev. 2023 Apr;68:101742. (PMID: 36638702) Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. (PMID: 2748771) J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024 Jul;16(Suppl 3):S2062-S2065. (PMID: 39346188) Front Psychiatry. 2026 Feb 06;17:1735186. (PMID: 41726843) Med Sci Educ. 2020 Jun 29;30(4):1775-1782. (PMID: 34457845) Cureus. 2025 Jun 23;17(6):e86624. (PMID: 40709128) PLoS One. 2025 Jan 31;20(1):e0318507. (PMID: 39888926) JMIR Med Educ. 2024 Oct 22;10:e55149. (PMID: 39437450) Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021 Apr;28(4):2216-2222. (PMID: 33911938) Multivariate Behav Res. 1991 Jul 1;26(3):499-510. (PMID: 26776715) BMC Psychol. 2026 Mar 29;14(1):. (PMID: 41906134) Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1453-7. (PMID: 18064739) BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016 Nov 24;16(1):163. (PMID: 27881078) Stat Med. 2002 Aug 30;21(16):2409-19. (PMID: 12210625) J Contemp Dent Pract. 2023 Nov 1;24(11):877-886. (PMID: 38238276) Nat Hum Behav. 2021 Nov;5(11):1535-1547. (PMID: 34002052) Sleep Health. 2020 Aug;6(4):495-497. (PMID: 32336603) BMC Med Educ. 2019 Jul 25;19(1):279. (PMID: 31345202) Ann Fam Med. 2004 May-Jun;2(3):204-8. (PMID: 15209195) Sleep Med Rev. 2024 Aug;76:101933. (PMID: 38657359) J Glob Health. 2025 Apr 25;15:04099. (PMID: 40277296) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2020 Aug;30(8):844-848. (PMID: 32893797) Pak J Med Sci. 2025 Mar;41(3):837-842. (PMID: 40103866) Niger J Clin Pract. 2025 Jan 1;28(1):49-56. (PMID: 40326936) PeerJ. 2020 Jan 28;8:e8427. (PMID: 32025375) Biomed Res Int. 2019 Dec 24;2019:7012350. (PMID: 31950050) BMC Med Educ. 2024 Mar 5;24(1):235. (PMID: 38443909) Int J Psychophysiol. 2012 Jan;83(1):8-15. (PMID: 21963535) J Health Popul Nutr. 2025 May 10;44(1):152. (PMID: 40349076) Front Psychiatry. 2025 Aug 13;16:1599827. (PMID: 40933803) Teach Learn Med. 2023 Jun-Jul;35(3):265-276. (PMID: 35459431) Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Nov 02;11(21):. (PMID: 37958035) J Clin Epidemiol. 1996 Dec;49(12):1373-9. (PMID: 8970487) Br J Health Psychol. 2026 Sep;31(3):e70093. (PMID: 42439038)
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Pakistan; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; academic performance; dental students; medical students; nocturnal smartphone use; sleep quality; social media
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20261013 Date Completed: 20261013 Latest Revision: 20261014
Update Code:	20261014
PubMed Central ID:	PMC13655044
DOI:	10.3389/fpubh.2026.1968305
PMID:	42865508
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

Full Text Finder

Περιγραφή
ISSN:	2296-2565
DOI:	10.3389/fpubh.2026.1968305