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The effects of universal parental support programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: The effects of universal parental support programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Συγγραφείς: Haglund L; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden., Lovén C; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden., Öst LG; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden., Herlitz A; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden., Enebrink P; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden. pia.enebrink@ki.se.
Πηγή: BMC public health [BMC Public Health] 2026 Sep 28; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 28.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Meta-Analysis
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968562 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2458 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712458 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Parents*/psychology , Parenting*/psychology , Social Support*, Humans ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Adolescent ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Family Support ; Program Evaluation ; Parent-Child Relations
Περίληψη: Background: There are few current comprehensive meta-analyses and systematic reviews of the literature on universal parental support programs. The aim of this meta-analysis was therefore to examine the effects of universal parental support programs on children's externalizing and internalizing problems, as well as on parental mental health, and to evaluate the possible importance of theoretical frameworks in achieving better outcomes.
Methods: The meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials of universal parental support programs for parents to children and adolescents aged 2-17 years. A search in five databases was conducted from inception to December 2020 and updated in April 2024. The abstracts and subsequent full-text articles were independently reviewed by two pairs of authors, resulting in 31 original studies (36 articles) with a total of 7635 participants. To evaluate risk of bias, we used the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials.
Results: Small positive short-term effects were obtained for the included universal parental support programs on parental ratings of children's externalizing (d = 0.18: 95% CI 0.07-0.29) and internalizing problems (d = 0.16: 95% CI 0.03-0.30), parental stress (d = 0.22: 95% CI 0.04-0.40) and parental depression (d = 0.13: 95% CI 0.01-0.25). Subgroup analyses showed that significant effects on primary outcomes were only found when interventions were compared to waitlist, not to an active control group. The long-term between-group effects were positive but small and non-significant. Most of the programs were based on social learning theory, no differences emerged between programs with different theoretical frameworks.
Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicates that universal parental support programs, when compared to waitlist only, may have a small positive impact on children's externalizing and internalizing problems as well as on parental stress and depression in the short time frame.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable, as no individual data from participants have been managed. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: PLoS Med. 2021 May 10;18(5):e1003602. (PMID: 33970913)
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2016 Nov-Dec;45(6):710-717. (PMID: 27858462)
World Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;14(3):270-7. (PMID: 26407772)
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981 Jun 6;282(6279):1847-51. (PMID: 6786649)
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 May;36(4):567-89. (PMID: 18205039)
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;55(8):647-56. (PMID: 27453078)
J Pediatr Psychol. 1982 Sep;7(3):279-94. (PMID: 7131215)
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002 Mar;31(1):130-46. (PMID: 11845645)
Front Psychol. 2013 Nov 26;4:863. (PMID: 24324449)
Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015 Aug 25;9:43. (PMID: 26306098)
Eur J Public Health. 2015 Dec;25(6):1035-42. (PMID: 26063699)
Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Dec;33(8):901-13. (PMID: 23994367)
Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 29;14(1):4979. (PMID: 38424200)
Behav Modif. 2008 Sep;32(5):659-81. (PMID: 18456901)
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Dec;51(12):1342-50. (PMID: 20735794)
Front Psychol. 2018 Sep 21;9:1751. (PMID: 30298035)
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014 Sep;130(3):181-92. (PMID: 24697518)
Child Abuse Negl. 2003 Feb;27(2):199-213. (PMID: 12615094)
Infant Child Dev. 2012 Jan;21(1):85-106. (PMID: 22577341)
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022 Feb;53(1):61-75. (PMID: 33389390)
J Med Internet Res. 2018 Jan 19;20(1):e17. (PMID: 29351895)
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Feb;58(2):180-190. (PMID: 30738545)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 01;(8):CD003680. (PMID: 27478983)
Front Psychol. 2022 Mar 03;13:765312. (PMID: 35310277)
Clin Psychol Rev. 2014 Jun;34(4):337-57. (PMID: 24842549)
J Med Internet Res. 2019 Aug 15;21(8):e13628. (PMID: 31418422)
Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(1):7-20. (PMID: 19432384)
Br J Gen Pract. 2002 Mar;52(476):223-33. (PMID: 12030667)
BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71. (PMID: 33782057)
J Evid Inf Soc Work. 2015;12(4):412-24. (PMID: 25794349)
Biometrics. 2000 Jun;56(2):455-63. (PMID: 10877304)
Prev Sci. 2004 Jun;5(2):73-89. (PMID: 15134313)
J Adolesc. 2012 Oct;35(5):1315-28. (PMID: 22677166)
Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2012 Jan;117(1):48-66. (PMID: 22264112)
Mindfulness (N Y). 2024 Jul;15(7):1531-1602. (PMID: 39328292)
J Fam Psychol. 2018 Sep;32(6):816-827. (PMID: 30188171)
BMC Psychol. 2016 Aug 24;4(1):43. (PMID: 27553950)
Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;20(4):359-64. (PMID: 17551351)
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2015 Oct;46(5):749-61. (PMID: 25335876)
BMJ. 1997 Sep 13;315(7109):629-34. (PMID: 9310563)
Am Psychol. 1989 Feb;44(2):329-35. (PMID: 2653143)
Dev Psychopathol. 2014 Nov;26(4 Pt 1):917-32. (PMID: 24690305)
BMJ. 2019 Aug 28;366:l4898. (PMID: 31462531)
J Adolesc. 2015 Jul;42:148-58. (PMID: 26005933)
BMJ Ment Health. 2025 Jul 3;28(1):. (PMID: 40615152)
Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 5;5(1):210. (PMID: 27919275)
Scand J Psychol. 2011 Apr;52(2):131-7. (PMID: 21121925)
BMJ. 2001 Jul 14;323(7304):101-5. (PMID: 11451790)
Behav Res Ther. 2008 Apr;46(4):411-27. (PMID: 18313033)
Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010 May 16;4:14. (PMID: 20470435)
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2024 Mar;27(1):23-52. (PMID: 37917315)
J Affect Disord. 2015 Apr 1;175:424-40. (PMID: 25679197)
Prev Sci. 2015 May;16(4):609-20. (PMID: 25373684)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD003680. (PMID: 12519607)
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2011;40(5):677-92. (PMID: 21916687)
J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2020 May;41(4):272-280. (PMID: 31809392)
Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9. (PMID: 19565683)
J Fam Psychol. 2012 Feb;26(1):56-65. (PMID: 22182335)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Children; Externalizing problems; Internalizing problems; Meta-analysis; Parenting; Universal parental support program
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20261013 Date Completed: 20261013 Latest Revision: 20261014
Update Code: 20261014
PubMed Central ID: PMC13656496
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-026-28844-6
PMID: 42864621
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: The effects of universal parental support programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Haglund+L%22">Haglund L</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lovén+C%22">Lovén C</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Öst+LG%22">Öst LG</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Herlitz+A%22">Herlitz A</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Enebrink+P%22">Enebrink P</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden. pia.enebrink@ki.se.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Parents%22">Parents*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Parents+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Parenting%22">Parenting*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Parenting+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Social+Support%22">Social Support*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Child%22">Child</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Child%2C+Preschool%22">Child, Preschool</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adolescent%22">Adolescent</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Randomized+Controlled+Trials+as+Topic%22">Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Family+Support%22">Family Support</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Program+Evaluation%22">Program Evaluation</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Parent-Child+Relations%22">Parent-Child Relations</searchLink>
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  Data: Background: There are few current comprehensive meta-analyses and systematic reviews of the literature on universal parental support programs. The aim of this meta-analysis was therefore to examine the effects of universal parental support programs on children's externalizing and internalizing problems, as well as on parental mental health, and to evaluate the possible importance of theoretical frameworks in achieving better outcomes.<br />Methods: The meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials of universal parental support programs for parents to children and adolescents aged 2-17 years. A search in five databases was conducted from inception to December 2020 and updated in April 2024. The abstracts and subsequent full-text articles were independently reviewed by two pairs of authors, resulting in 31 original studies (36 articles) with a total of 7635 participants. To evaluate risk of bias, we used the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials.<br />Results: Small positive short-term effects were obtained for the included universal parental support programs on parental ratings of children's externalizing (d = 0.18: 95% CI 0.07-0.29) and internalizing problems (d = 0.16: 95% CI 0.03-0.30), parental stress (d = 0.22: 95% CI 0.04-0.40) and parental depression (d = 0.13: 95% CI 0.01-0.25). Subgroup analyses showed that significant effects on primary outcomes were only found when interventions were compared to waitlist, not to an active control group. The long-term between-group effects were positive but small and non-significant. Most of the programs were based on social learning theory, no differences emerged between programs with different theoretical frameworks.<br />Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicates that universal parental support programs, when compared to waitlist only, may have a small positive impact on children's externalizing and internalizing problems as well as on parental stress and depression in the short time frame.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
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  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable, as no individual data from participants have been managed. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227919275%22">27919275)</searchLink><br />Scand J Psychol. 2011 Apr;52(2):131-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221121925%22">21121925)</searchLink><br />BMJ. 2001 Jul 14;323(7304):101-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211451790%22">11451790)</searchLink><br />Behav Res Ther. 2008 Apr;46(4):411-27. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218313033%22">18313033)</searchLink><br />Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010 May 16;4:14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220470435%22">20470435)</searchLink><br />Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2024 Mar;27(1):23-52. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237917315%22">37917315)</searchLink><br />J Affect Disord. 2015 Apr 1;175:424-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225679197%22">25679197)</searchLink><br />Prev Sci. 2015 May;16(4):609-20. 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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Children; Externalizing problems; Internalizing problems; Meta-analysis; Parenting; Universal parental support program
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        Value: 10.1186/s12889-026-28844-6
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child, Preschool
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adolescent
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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      – SubjectFull: Family Support
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      – SubjectFull: Program Evaluation
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      – SubjectFull: Parent-Child Relations
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      – SubjectFull: Parents psychology
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      – SubjectFull: Parenting psychology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Social Support
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The effects of universal parental support programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Haglund L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lovén C
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Öst LG
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Herlitz A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Enebrink P
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      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 28
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 28
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1471-2458
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 26
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: BMC public health
              Type: main
ResultId 1