The phenological seasons of Poland in the warming world.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	The phenological seasons of Poland in the warming world.
Συγγραφείς:	Szwed M; Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management-National Research Institute, Podleśna 61, Warszawa, 01-673, Poland. malgorzata.szwed@imgw.pl., Lewicki M; Specialist Forecasting Department, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management-National Research Institute, Podleśna 61, Warszawa, 01-673, Poland.
Πηγή:	International journal of biometeorology [Int J Biometeorol] 2026 Oct 12; Vol. 70 (10). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Oct 12.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0374716 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-1254 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00207128 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Biometeorol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: New York, NY : Springer Verlag Original Publication: Leiden.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Seasons* , Global Warming* , Climate Change* , Plant Development*, Poland
Περίληψη:	The aim of the study is to examine the impact of climate change on plant phenology and the shift of phenological seasons. This paper considers phenophases of wild-growing plants in Poland at 36 observation stations over the past nearly 80 years. The analysis was conducted for two 15-year periods: a reference period (1946-1960) and a recent period (2007-2021), during which rapid global warming has been observed. This study applies the phenological calendar method. The results indicate shifts in the onset of successive phenological seasons in the recent period compared to the reference period, as well as in the duration of individual seasons. The most significant changes include (i) a shortening of winter due to an earlier onset of very early spring (by an average of 10 days across Poland); (ii) an advancement of subsequent seasons from early spring to early autumn, ranging from nearly 4 to more than 10 days, with the smallest shift observed for early autumn); (iii) a delay in the autumn onset by approximately 4 days; and (iv) a stable timing of winter onset throughout the entire study period. With regard to seasons length, in addition to the shortening of winter, an extension of the warmest phenological seasons was observed, with the greatest increase of 8 days for early autumn. Due to its location in the temperate transitional climate zone, Poland is characterized by high weather variability, which is reflected in substantial interannual variability in both the onset and duration of successive phenological seasons.Clinical trial registrationNot applicable. (© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests:	Declarations. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent for participation and publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Climate change; Phenological observations; Phenological seasons; Poland
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20261012 Date Completed: 20261012 Latest Revision: 20261015
Update Code:	20261015
PubMed Central ID:	PMC13658348
DOI:	10.1007/s00484-026-03343-w
PMID:	42862390
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1432-1254
DOI:	10.1007/s00484-026-03343-w