Academic Journal
Development, Normative Data, and Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Semantic Association Test (SEMAT) for Middle-Aged and Older Adults.
| Τίτλος: | Development, Normative Data, and Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Semantic Association Test (SEMAT) for Middle-Aged and Older Adults. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Tosun S; Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey., Karalı FS; Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey., Macoir J; École Des Sciences de La Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.; CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada. |
| Πηγή: | Brain and behavior [Brain Behav] 2026 Oct; Vol. 16 (10), pp. e71833. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101570837 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2162-3279 (Electronic) NLM ISO Abbreviation: Brain Behav Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Psychometrics*/standards , Neuropsychological Tests*/standards , Semantics* , Association* , Aging*, Cognition/physiology ; Humans ; Aged ; Male ; Female ; Turkey ; Middle Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Reproducibility of Results ; Reference Values |
| Περίληψη: | Purpose: Semantic associative processing is essential for language, cognition, and communication and is frequently impaired in neurodegenerative disorders. However, no brief Turkish instrument currently assesses semantic associations across both abstract and concrete conceptual domains. This study aimed to develop the Turkish Semantic Association Test (SEMAT), establish normative data, and examine selected psychometric properties. Method: The SEMAT was developed using stimuli representing abstract, biological, and manmade concepts. Face validity was evaluated through expert review and pilot testing. Normative data were obtained from 365 cognitively healthy Turkish-speaking adults aged 53-82 years. Demographic effects were examined using multiple regression analyses, with age, education, and sex entered simultaneously as predictors. Given the bounded, negatively skewed score distributions and substantial ceiling effects, empirical percentile-based norms were generated. Internal consistency and convergent validity were assessed using semantic measures from the Batterie d'Évaluation Cognitive du Langage (BECLA-Tr). Item-level difficulty and discrimination were also examined. Findings: Educational attainment was the only demographic variable independently associated with performance across all SEMAT scores, supporting education-adjusted norms. The SEMAT demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.88; McDonald's ω = 0.92). Significant correlations were observed between SEMAT scores and the BECLA-Tr semantic composite (ρ = 0.41-0.54, all p < 0.001), supporting convergent validity. Item-level analyses showed generally high accuracy and positive but variable discrimination across items. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the SEMAT is a brief, culturally appropriate, and psychometrically sound measure of semantic associative processing with preliminary evidence of reliability and convergent validity and with education-adjusted normative reference data for cognitively healthy middle-aged and older Turkish-speaking adults. (© 2026 The Author(s). Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.) |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: aging; semantic association; semantic cognition; semantic memory |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20261007 Date Completed: 20261007 Latest Revision: 20261009 |
| Update Code: | 20261009 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13644552 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/brb3.71833 |
| PMID: | 42841761 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 2162-3279 |
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| DOI: | 10.1002/brb3.71833 |