Academic Journal
From molecular evolution to the school health room: the role of community-based public health nurses (helsesykepleiere) in one health communication on cross-species influenza transmission in Norway.
| Τίτλος: | From molecular evolution to the school health room: the role of community-based public health nurses (helsesykepleiere) in one health communication on cross-species influenza transmission in Norway. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Klein J; Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. |
| Πηγή: | Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology [Front Cell Infect Microbiol] 2026 Sep 22; Vol. 16, pp. 1965045. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 22 (Print Publication: 2026). |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Review |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Frontiers Media SA Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101585359 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2235-2988 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22352988 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Cell Infect Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Lausanne : Frontiers Media SA |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Influenza, Human*/transmission , Influenza, Human*/epidemiology , Influenza, Human*/prevention & control , Influenza, Human*/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections*/transmission , Orthomyxoviridae Infections*/epidemiology , One Health* , Evolution, Molecular*, Norway/epidemiology ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza in Birds/transmission ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology ; Zoonoses/transmission ; Viral Zoonoses/transmission ; Humans ; Animals ; Schools |
| Περίληψη: | Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have undergone an unprecedented expansion of host range since 2021, moving from wild birds and poultry into dairy cattle, domestic cats, and other mammals, with sporadic human infections in Europe and North America (Food and Agriculture Organization et al., 2025a; Rolfes et al., 2025). This expansion is underpinned by well-characterised molecular mechanisms of influenza A virus evolution - antigenic drift, gene segment reassortment, and receptor-binding adaptation - that shape the frequency and direction of cross-species spillover (McDonald et al., 2016; Steel and Lowen, 2017; Man et al., 2026). Norwegian wild-bird and mammalian surveillance data document recurrent incursions of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, and international risk assessments continue to describe low, but non-zero, human risk concentrated among individuals with close animal contact (World Health Organization, 2025-2026; Ytrehus et al; European Food Safety Authority et al., 2025a). Translating this fast-moving virological and epidemiological evidence into everyday protective behavior for children, adolescents, and families remains an underdeveloped link in pandemic preparedness, compounded by documented gaps in adolescent One Health literacy (Zucca et al., 2021). This mini review synthesizes current literature on the molecular basis of influenza cross-species transmission, the Norwegian epidemiological and One Health governance context, and established child- and family-oriented risk-communication frameworks, to argue that Norway's community-based public health nurses (helsesykepleiere) - who deliver near-universal, statutorily mandated contact with children and families through the helsestasjon- and skolehelsetjeneste - occupy a distinctive but underused position as One Health communication nodes (Helsedirektoratet, 2021). I outline a practical three-tier framework for translating zoonotic-influenza science into age-appropriate household guidance, critically appraise the feasibility, workload, training, and governance implications of this role, and identify priority gaps for future empirical and implementation research. (Copyright © 2026 Klein.) |
| Competing Interests: | The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: H5N1; avian influenza; cross-species transmission; health literacy; helsesykepleier; nordic public health; one health; pandemic preparedness |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20261007 Date Completed: 20261007 Latest Revision: 20261008 |
| Update Code: | 20261008 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13639862 |
| DOI: | 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1965045 |
| PMID: | 42840841 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 2235-2988 |
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| DOI: | 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1965045 |