Phenyllactic acid exposure suppresses Microcystis aeruginosa growth with concurrent PSII photochemical impairment and increased extracellular microcystin accumulation.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Phenyllactic acid exposure suppresses Microcystis aeruginosa growth with concurrent PSII photochemical impairment and increased extracellular microcystin accumulation.
Συγγραφείς:	Cheng J; Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China., Zhu Z; Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China., Wang S; Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China., Guo S; Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China., Li J; School of Marine Sciences (State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea), Hainan University, Haikou, 570100, China. Electronic address: jiashun.li@hainanu.edu.cn., Xu C; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China., Wang Y; College of Artificial Intelligence, Pingdingshan University, Henan, 467000, China., Zhang C; Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China., Zhang K; School of Marine Sciences (State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea), Hainan University, Haikou, 570100, China. Electronic address: kzhang@hainanu.edu.cn.
Πηγή:	Ecotoxicology and environmental safety [Ecotoxicol Environ Saf] 2026 Oct 01; Vol. 324, pp. 120863. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Oct 02.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7805381 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2414 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01476513 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Microcystis/drug effects , Microcystis/growth & development , Microcystis/metabolism , Microcystins/metabolism , Lactates/toxicity , Photosystem II Protein Complex/metabolism , Photosystem II Protein Complex*/drug effects, Photosynthesis/drug effects ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Chlorophyll A
Περίληψη:	Phenyllactic acid (PLA) has been reported as a bioactive organic acid with anticyanobacterial potential, but its direct ecotoxicological effects on toxin-producing Microcystis aeruginosa remain insufficiently understood. In this study, purified PLA was used to evaluate its effects on the growth, photosynthetic physiology, antioxidant enzyme response and microcystin distribution of M. aeruginosa FACHB-915. Results indicated that PLA inhibited algal growth in a concentration-dependent manner after 48 h exposure with an estimated IC50 value of 158.3 mg·L^-1, and high PLA exposure markedly reduced photosynthetic pigment production. Meanwhile, fast chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis further showed that exposure to 150.0 mg·L^-1 PLA markedly altered PSII coordination, donor-side electron supply, and acceptor-side electron transport in M. aeruginosa. In addition, 150.0 mg·L^-1 PLA decreased total protein content and significantly increased SOD activity, whereas POD activity did not show a parallel increase, suggesting distinct responses between the two assessed antioxidant enzymes. Notably, PLA exposure altered microcystin partitioning, and extracellular microcystin concentration increased significantly from 108.01 ng·mL^-1 in the control to 126.48 ng·mL^-1 at 150.0 mg·L^-1 PLA, representing an approximate increase of 17.1%. These findings demonstrate that the growth suppression under PLA exposure was accompanied by pronounced PSII photochemical disturbance and physiological stress, and extracellular microcystin accumulation was also simultaneously enhanced, highlighting the need for careful evaluation of PLA as a potential anticyanobacterial compound. (Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
Competing Interests:	Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Antioxidant response; M. aeruginosa; Microcystin; OJIP fluorescence; Phenyllactic acid; Photosynthetic toxicity
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Microcystins) 77238-39-2 (microcystin) 0 (Lactates) 156-05-8 (3-phenyllactic acid) 0 (Photosystem II Protein Complex) 1406-65-1 (Chlorophyll) YF5Q9EJC8Y (Chlorophyll A) EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20261002 Date Completed: 20261010 Latest Revision: 20261010
Update Code:	20261011
DOI:	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120863
PMID:	42826564
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1090-2414
DOI:	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120863