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Heavy metals in fish: bioaccumulation, toxicity, and human health risk.

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Τίτλος: Heavy metals in fish: bioaccumulation, toxicity, and human health risk.
Συγγραφείς: Chauhan V; Forensic Science Department, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India., Dondiyal P; Forensic Science Department, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India., Kumari K; Forensic Science Department, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India. malikraw91@gmail.com.
Πηγή: Environmental monitoring and assessment [Environ Monit Assess] 2026 Sep 24; Vol. 198 (10). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 24.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8508350 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2959 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01676369 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Monit Assess Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 1998- : Dordrecht : Springer
Original Publication: Dordrecht, Holland ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., c1981-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Water Pollutants, Chemical*/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/analysis , Fishes*/metabolism , Metals, Heavy*/metabolism , Metals, Heavy*/analysis , Metals, Heavy*/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring*, Animals ; Humans ; Bioaccumulation ; Risk Assessment
Περίληψη: The problem of heavy metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems represents one of the rising global environmental and public health threats. Unlike many organic contaminants, heavy metals are non-degradable and remain in ecosystems for an indefinite period of time, accumulating in the tissues of fish and bioaccumulating within food chains by orders of magnitude higher than ambient water concentrations. This paper reviews the major mechanisms and pathways of bioaccumulation and biomagnification of five priority heavy metals, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and lead spanning all aspects of the contamination cycle, from their anthropogenic and geogenic origin to the specifics of biological uptake in fish tissues, quantifiable by means of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) indicators; from the effects of toxicity in fish, spanning molecular, histopathological, physiological, reproductive, and behavioural levels of organisation, to the corresponding effects in humans, based on epidemiological data from fish-consuming populations; and from available toxicological risk assessments of human health based on target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) methods to the comparison of different methods of remediation, which are considered according to the efficiency and scalability. Knowledge gaps include a lack of standardised BCF/BAF data, the frequent reliance on total rather than speciated metal concentrations, which for arsenic can overstate the toxicologically relevant exposure by roughly an order of magnitude, poor epidemiological dose-response evidence in fish-consuming populations, and the unavailability of field data on nanotechnological cleanup.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “ethical responsibilities of authors” as found in the instructions for authors. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems; Biomagnification; Environmental monitoring; Fish contamination; Methylmercury; Toxic elements
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
0 (Metals, Heavy)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260924 Date Completed: 20260924 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261009
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-026-15958-y
PMID: 42782545
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1573-2959
DOI:10.1007/s10661-026-15958-y