Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS

Artemisinins inhibited the synergistic cariogenic effect between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Artemisinins inhibited the synergistic cariogenic effect between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.
Συγγραφείς: Zhou J; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; West China Lecheng Hospital, Sichuan University, Boao, Hainan, China., Zhou Z; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Shen J; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Lin Y; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Lei L; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Gou L; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Meng Z; Department of Clinical Laboratory, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhou Y; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China., Liao B; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Cheng L; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Zhou X; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China., Ren B; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Πηγή: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology [Front Cell Infect Microbiol] 2026 Sep 08; Vol. 16, pp. 1950360. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 08 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Frontiers Media SA Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101585359 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2235-2988 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22352988 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Cell Infect Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Lausanne : Frontiers Media SA
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Candida albicans*/drug effects , Candida albicans*/growth & development , Candida albicans*/physiology , Artemisinins*/pharmacology , Streptococcus mutans*/drug effects , Streptococcus mutans*/growth & development , Streptococcus mutans*/genetics , Dental Caries*/microbiology , Dental Caries*/prevention & control , Dental Caries*/drug therapy , Microbial Interactions*/drug effects, Biofilms/drug effects ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Virulence/drug effects ; Hyphae/drug effects ; Hyphae/growth & development ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Animals ; Drug Synergism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Rats ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Περίληψη: Background: Dental caries, a globally prevalent disease, burdens health and economies. Targeting Candida albicans-Streptococcus mutans synergism aids managing severe early childhood caries and root caries. Artemisinin, a natural antimalarial, inhibits C. albicans virulence via hyphal and biofilm suppression, promising to disrupt this cross-kingdom cariogenic partnership.
Objective: This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of seven common artemisinin compounds on the synergistic cariogenic effect of C. albicans-S. mutans biofilm, in order to expand the application of artemisinin compounds in the field of caries prevention.
Methods: Hyphal induction, biofilm formation, and CFU assays evaluated the inhibitory efficacy of the compounds against C. albicans and S. mutans. RT-qPCR examinations analyzed the expression of key virulence genes in both species. The anti-caries efficacy of artemisinin compounds was further validated in a rat caries model, demonstrated by quantitative analysis of microbial load in dental plaque and Keyes scoring for molar carious lesions.
Results: All seven artemisinin derivatives effectively inhibited hyphal formation in C. albicans. Artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid additionally exhibited direct antibacterial activity against S. mutans, significantly suppressing dual-species biofilm formation, EPS synthesis, and acid production. All compounds downregulated key virulence genes in both pathogens. In vivo studies confirmed that artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid reduced microbial colonization and caries severity, while other derivatives primarily exerted anticaries effects by inhibiting C. albicans colonization.
Conclusion: Artemisinin compounds can reduce the synergistic cariogenic virulence of C. albicans and S. mutans by inhibiting the interaction between C. albicans and S. mutans.
(Copyright © 2026 Zhou, Zhou, Shen, Lin, Lei, Gou, Meng, Zhou, Liao, Cheng, Zhou and Ren.)
Competing Interests: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer ZH declared a past co-authorship with the authors LC, XZ to the handling editor.
References: J Nat Prod. 2005 Aug;68(8):1274-6. (PMID: 16124777)
Front Med (Lausanne). 2018 Feb 13;5:28. (PMID: 29487851)
Int J Oral Sci. 2023 Sep 12;15(1):40. (PMID: 37699886)
Trends Microbiol. 2018 Mar;26(3):229-242. (PMID: 29097091)
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021 Sep;58(3):106394. (PMID: 34197906)
Cell Microbiol. 2005 Nov;7(11):1546-54. (PMID: 16207242)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Jan 20;65(2):. (PMID: 33168610)
ISME J. 2018 Jun;12(6):1427-1442. (PMID: 29670217)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Jul;59(7):4046-52. (PMID: 25918150)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996 Sep;38(3):399-408. (PMID: 8889715)
Virulence. 2020 Dec;11(1):337-348. (PMID: 32274962)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Jun 20;6:CD007693. (PMID: 38899538)
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Sep;77(18):6357-67. (PMID: 21803906)
Infect Immun. 2019 Sep 19;87(10):. (PMID: 31383746)
PLoS Pathog. 2017 Jun 15;13(6):e1006407. (PMID: 28617874)
Caries Res. 2008;42(6):409-18. (PMID: 18832827)
Microorganisms. 2023 May 25;11(6):. (PMID: 37374893)
J Dent Res. 2017 Sep;96(10):1129-1135. (PMID: 28605597)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Dec;56(12):6366-71. (PMID: 23070152)
Front Microbiol. 2016 Mar 15;7:280. (PMID: 27014205)
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999 Feb;27(1):31-40. (PMID: 10086924)
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015 Feb 13;5:10. (PMID: 25763359)
Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020 Nov;51(6):742-748. (PMID: 33236594)
Front Microbiol. 2024 Jun 25;15:1429692. (PMID: 38983634)
Int J Oral Sci. 2018 Mar 16;10(2):9. (PMID: 29555898)
Malar J. 2010 Jul 22;9:212. (PMID: 20649950)
J Dent Res. 2022 Apr;101(4):392-399. (PMID: 34852668)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 17;109(3):E111-8. (PMID: 22247290)
Pathogens. 2020 Jul 14;9(7):. (PMID: 32674310)
J Oral Microbiol. 2019 Mar 20;11(1):1581520. (PMID: 31681463)
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Aug;103(16):6701-6709. (PMID: 31201451)
Cell. 2011 Sep 16;146(6):855-8. (PMID: 21907397)
J Dent Res. 2013 Dec;92(12):1065-73. (PMID: 24045647)
Infect Immun. 2014 May;82(5):1968-81. (PMID: 24566629)
J Oral Microbiol. 2026 May 5;18(1):2667029. (PMID: 42110826)
J Mater Chem B. 2025 May 28;13(21):6144-6153. (PMID: 40314788)
Materials (Basel). 2017 Jun 12;10(6):. (PMID: 28773004)
Molecules. 2010 Oct 28;15(11):7603-98. (PMID: 21030913)
Biomed Res Int. 2020 Mar 10;2020:6853652. (PMID: 32258136)
J Dent Res. 2006 Oct;85(10):878-87. (PMID: 16998125)
Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Jan;7(1):. (PMID: 30657107)
Future Microbiol. 2010 Mar;5(3):403-17. (PMID: 20210551)
J Med Chem. 2004 Jun 3;47(12):2945-64. (PMID: 15163175)
Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 12;10(1):19661. (PMID: 33184348)
ISME J. 2014 Nov;8(11):2256-71. (PMID: 24824668)
Infect Immun. 1993 Sep;61(9):3811-7. (PMID: 8359902)
Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 30;7:41332. (PMID: 28134351)
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:215872. (PMID: 24575401)
Crit Rev Microbiol. 2021 Feb;47(1):91-111. (PMID: 33482069)
PLoS One. 2016 Oct 14;11(10):e0164242. (PMID: 27741258)
J Fungi (Basel). 2020 Jan 16;6(1):. (PMID: 31963180)
Arch Oral Biol. 2017 Jan;73:113-120. (PMID: 27764679)
Caries Res. 2019;53(3):322-331. (PMID: 30448846)
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023 May 11;13:1106231. (PMID: 37249973)
Aust Dent J. 2008 Sep;53(3):286-91. (PMID: 18782377)
Lancet. 2025 Mar 15;405(10482):897-910. (PMID: 40024264)
Eukaryot Cell. 2011 Feb;10(2):168-73. (PMID: 21115738)
Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Mar 28;13(4):. (PMID: 38666986)
Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 08;6:32841. (PMID: 27604325)
Sci Rep. 2021 May 24;11(1):10802. (PMID: 34031498)
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:71-92. (PMID: 26488273)
J Am Dent Assoc. 2018 Oct;149(10):837-849.e19. (PMID: 30261951)
Drugs. 1996 Dec;52(6):818-36. (PMID: 8957153)
Front Pharmacol. 2025 Apr 01;16:1548117. (PMID: 40235544)
Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5803246. (PMID: 29085839)
J Dent Res. 1958 Nov-Dec;37(6):1088-99. (PMID: 13611123)
Mol Oral Microbiol. 2018 Aug;33(4):283-291. (PMID: 29570954)
Cell Biosci. 2021 May 17;11(1):91. (PMID: 34001238)
Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):528-32. (PMID: 23575629)
Caries Res. 2011;45(1):69-86. (PMID: 21346355)
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 May 25;3:17030. (PMID: 28540937)
ISME J. 2021 Mar;15(3):894-908. (PMID: 33149208)
Int Dent J. 2025 Apr;75(2):1246-1260. (PMID: 39322518)
PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(4):e1002623. (PMID: 22496649)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Candida albicans; Streptococcus mutans; artemisinin compounds; dental caries; synergistic cariogenic
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Artemisinins)
0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260923 Date Completed: 20260923 Latest Revision: 20260924
Update Code: 20260924
PubMed Central ID: PMC13593465
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1950360
PMID: 42774055
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=22352988&ISBN=&volume=16&issue=&date=20260908&spage=1950360&pages=1950360&title=Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology&atitle=Artemisinins%20inhibited%20the%20synergistic%20cariogenic%20effect%20between%20Candida%20albicans%20and%20Streptococcus%20mutans.&aulast=Zhou%20J&id=DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1950360
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42774055
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Artemisinins inhibited the synergistic cariogenic effect between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+J%22">Zhou J</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; West China Lecheng Hospital, Sichuan University, Boao, Hainan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+Z%22">Zhou Z</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shen+J%22">Shen J</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lin+Y%22">Lin Y</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lei+L%22">Lei L</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gou+L%22">Gou L</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Meng+Z%22">Meng Z</searchLink>; Department of Clinical Laboratory, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+Y%22">Zhou Y</searchLink>; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liao+B%22">Liao B</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cheng+L%22">Cheng L</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+X%22">Zhou X</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ren+B%22">Ren B</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101585359%22">Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology</searchLink> [Front Cell Infect Microbiol] 2026 Sep 08; Vol. 16, pp. 1950360. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 08 (<i>Print Publication: </i>2026).
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Frontiers+Media+SA%22">Frontiers Media SA </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Switzerland <i>NLM ID: </i>101585359 <i>Publication Model: </i>eCollection <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2235-2988 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2222352988%22">22352988 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Front Cell Infect Microbiol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Lausanne : Frontiers Media SA
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Candida+albicans%22">Candida albicans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Candida+albicans+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Candida+albicans%22">Candida albicans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Candida+albicans+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Candida+albicans%22">Candida albicans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Candida+albicans+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Artemisinins%22">Artemisinins*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Artemisinins+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans%22">Streptococcus mutans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans%22">Streptococcus mutans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans%22">Streptococcus mutans*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Streptococcus+mutans+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dental+Caries%22">Dental Caries*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dental+Caries+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dental+Caries%22">Dental Caries*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dental+Caries+prevention+%26+control%22">prevention & control</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dental+Caries%22">Dental Caries*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Dental+Caries+drug+therapy%22">drug therapy</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Microbial+Interactions%22">Microbial Interactions*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Microbial+Interactions+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biofilms%22">Biofilms</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biofilms+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biofilms%22">Biofilms</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biofilms+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Virulence%22">Virulence</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Virulence+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hyphae%22">Hyphae</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hyphae+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hyphae%22">Hyphae</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hyphae+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22">Anti-Bacterial Agents</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Drug+Synergism%22">Drug Synergism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22">Disease Models, Animal</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Rats%22">Rats</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests%22">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Dental caries, a globally prevalent disease, burdens health and economies. Targeting Candida albicans-Streptococcus mutans synergism aids managing severe early childhood caries and root caries. Artemisinin, a natural antimalarial, inhibits C. albicans virulence via hyphal and biofilm suppression, promising to disrupt this cross-kingdom cariogenic partnership.<br />Objective: This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of seven common artemisinin compounds on the synergistic cariogenic effect of C. albicans-S. mutans biofilm, in order to expand the application of artemisinin compounds in the field of caries prevention.<br />Methods: Hyphal induction, biofilm formation, and CFU assays evaluated the inhibitory efficacy of the compounds against C. albicans and S. mutans. RT-qPCR examinations analyzed the expression of key virulence genes in both species. The anti-caries efficacy of artemisinin compounds was further validated in a rat caries model, demonstrated by quantitative analysis of microbial load in dental plaque and Keyes scoring for molar carious lesions.<br />Results: All seven artemisinin derivatives effectively inhibited hyphal formation in C. albicans. Artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid additionally exhibited direct antibacterial activity against S. mutans, significantly suppressing dual-species biofilm formation, EPS synthesis, and acid production. All compounds downregulated key virulence genes in both pathogens. In vivo studies confirmed that artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid reduced microbial colonization and caries severity, while other derivatives primarily exerted anticaries effects by inhibiting C. albicans colonization.<br />Conclusion: Artemisinin compounds can reduce the synergistic cariogenic virulence of C. albicans and S. mutans by inhibiting the interaction between C. albicans and S. mutans.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Zhou, Zhou, Shen, Lin, Lei, Gou, Meng, Zhou, Liao, Cheng, Zhou and Ren.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer ZH declared a past co-authorship with the authors LC, XZ to the handling editor.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Nat Prod. 2005 Aug;68(8):1274-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216124777%22">16124777)</searchLink><br />Front Med (Lausanne). 2018 Feb 13;5:28. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229487851%22">29487851)</searchLink><br />Int J Oral Sci. 2023 Sep 12;15(1):40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237699886%22">37699886)</searchLink><br />Trends Microbiol. 2018 Mar;26(3):229-242. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229097091%22">29097091)</searchLink><br />Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021 Sep;58(3):106394. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234197906%22">34197906)</searchLink><br />Cell Microbiol. 2005 Nov;7(11):1546-54. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216207242%22">16207242)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Jan 20;65(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233168610%22">33168610)</searchLink><br />ISME J. 2018 Jun;12(6):1427-1442. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229670217%22">29670217)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Jul;59(7):4046-52. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225918150%22">25918150)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996 Sep;38(3):399-408. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228889715%22">8889715)</searchLink><br />Virulence. 2020 Dec;11(1):337-348. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232274962%22">32274962)</searchLink><br />Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Jun 20;6:CD007693. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238899538%22">38899538)</searchLink><br />Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Sep;77(18):6357-67. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221803906%22">21803906)</searchLink><br />Infect Immun. 2019 Sep 19;87(10):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231383746%22">31383746)</searchLink><br />PLoS Pathog. 2017 Jun 15;13(6):e1006407. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228617874%22">28617874)</searchLink><br />Caries Res. 2008;42(6):409-18. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218832827%22">18832827)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2023 May 25;11(6):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237374893%22">37374893)</searchLink><br />J Dent Res. 2017 Sep;96(10):1129-1135. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228605597%22">28605597)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Dec;56(12):6366-71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223070152%22">23070152)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2016 Mar 15;7:280. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227014205%22">27014205)</searchLink><br />Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999 Feb;27(1):31-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210086924%22">10086924)</searchLink><br />Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2015 Feb 13;5:10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225763359%22">25763359)</searchLink><br />Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020 Nov;51(6):742-748. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233236594%22">33236594)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2024 Jun 25;15:1429692. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238983634%22">38983634)</searchLink><br />Int J Oral Sci. 2018 Mar 16;10(2):9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229555898%22">29555898)</searchLink><br />Malar J. 2010 Jul 22;9:212. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220649950%22">20649950)</searchLink><br />J Dent Res. 2022 Apr;101(4):392-399. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234852668%22">34852668)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jan 17;109(3):E111-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222247290%22">22247290)</searchLink><br />Pathogens. 2020 Jul 14;9(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232674310%22">32674310)</searchLink><br />J Oral Microbiol. 2019 Mar 20;11(1):1581520. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231681463%22">31681463)</searchLink><br />Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019 Aug;103(16):6701-6709. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231201451%22">31201451)</searchLink><br />Cell. 2011 Sep 16;146(6):855-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221907397%22">21907397)</searchLink><br />J Dent Res. 2013 Dec;92(12):1065-73. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224045647%22">24045647)</searchLink><br />Infect Immun. 2014 May;82(5):1968-81. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224566629%22">24566629)</searchLink><br />J Oral Microbiol. 2026 May 5;18(1):2667029. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2242110826%22">42110826)</searchLink><br />J Mater Chem B. 2025 May 28;13(21):6144-6153. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240314788%22">40314788)</searchLink><br />Materials (Basel). 2017 Jun 12;10(6):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228773004%22">28773004)</searchLink><br />Molecules. 2010 Oct 28;15(11):7603-98. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221030913%22">21030913)</searchLink><br />Biomed Res Int. 2020 Mar 10;2020:6853652. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232258136%22">32258136)</searchLink><br />J Dent Res. 2006 Oct;85(10):878-87. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216998125%22">16998125)</searchLink><br />Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Jan;7(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230657107%22">30657107)</searchLink><br />Future Microbiol. 2010 Mar;5(3):403-17. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220210551%22">20210551)</searchLink><br />J Med Chem. 2004 Jun 3;47(12):2945-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215163175%22">15163175)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 12;10(1):19661. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233184348%22">33184348)</searchLink><br />ISME J. 2014 Nov;8(11):2256-71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224824668%22">24824668)</searchLink><br />Infect Immun. 1993 Sep;61(9):3811-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228359902%22">8359902)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 30;7:41332. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228134351%22">28134351)</searchLink><br />Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:215872. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224575401%22">24575401)</searchLink><br />Crit Rev Microbiol. 2021 Feb;47(1):91-111. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233482069%22">33482069)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2016 Oct 14;11(10):e0164242. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227741258%22">27741258)</searchLink><br />J Fungi (Basel). 2020 Jan 16;6(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231963180%22">31963180)</searchLink><br />Arch Oral Biol. 2017 Jan;73:113-120. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227764679%22">27764679)</searchLink><br />Caries Res. 2019;53(3):322-331. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230448846%22">30448846)</searchLink><br />Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023 May 11;13:1106231. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237249973%22">37249973)</searchLink><br />Aust Dent J. 2008 Sep;53(3):286-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218782377%22">18782377)</searchLink><br />Lancet. 2025 Mar 15;405(10482):897-910. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240024264%22">40024264)</searchLink><br />Eukaryot Cell. 2011 Feb;10(2):168-73. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221115738%22">21115738)</searchLink><br />Antibiotics (Basel). 2024 Mar 28;13(4):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238666986%22">38666986)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 08;6:32841. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227604325%22">27604325)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2021 May 24;11(1):10802. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234031498%22">34031498)</searchLink><br />Annu Rev Microbiol. 2015;69:71-92. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226488273%22">26488273)</searchLink><br />J Am Dent Assoc. 2018 Oct;149(10):837-849.e19. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230261951%22">30261951)</searchLink><br />Drugs. 1996 Dec;52(6):818-36. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228957153%22">8957153)</searchLink><br />Front Pharmacol. 2025 Apr 01;16:1548117. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240235544%22">40235544)</searchLink><br />Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5803246. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229085839%22">29085839)</searchLink><br />J Dent Res. 1958 Nov-Dec;37(6):1088-99. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2213611123%22">13611123)</searchLink><br />Mol Oral Microbiol. 2018 Aug;33(4):283-291. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229570954%22">29570954)</searchLink><br />Cell Biosci. 2021 May 17;11(1):91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234001238%22">34001238)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):528-32. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223575629%22">23575629)</searchLink><br />Caries Res. 2011;45(1):69-86. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221346355%22">21346355)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 May 25;3:17030. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228540937%22">28540937)</searchLink><br />ISME J. 2021 Mar;15(3):894-908. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233149208%22">33149208)</searchLink><br />Int Dent J. 2025 Apr;75(2):1246-1260. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239322518%22">39322518)</searchLink><br />PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(4):e1002623. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222496649%22">22496649)</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Candida albicans; Streptococcus mutans; artemisinin compounds; dental caries; synergistic cariogenic
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (Artemisinins)<br />0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260923 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260923 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260924
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260924
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13593465
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1950360
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42774055
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42774055
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1950360
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 1950360
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biofilms drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Biofilms growth & development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Virulence drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hyphae drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hyphae growth & development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug Synergism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease Models, Animal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rats
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Candida albicans drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Candida albicans growth & development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Candida albicans physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Artemisinins pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Streptococcus mutans drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Streptococcus mutans growth & development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Streptococcus mutans genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Caries microbiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Caries prevention & control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Caries drug therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial Interactions drug effects
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Artemisinins inhibited the synergistic cariogenic effect between Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhou J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhou Z
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Shen J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lin Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lei L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Gou L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Meng Z
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhou Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Liao B
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cheng L
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhou X
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ren B
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 08
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 08
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2235-2988
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 16
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
              Type: main
ResultId 1