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Monte Carlo evaluation of a novel hybrid-shielded gamma probe with integrated counting and emission direction-finding capabilities.

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Τίτλος: Monte Carlo evaluation of a novel hybrid-shielded gamma probe with integrated counting and emission direction-finding capabilities.
Συγγραφείς: Kolcu OB; Istinye University, Istanbul, TR-34010, Türkiye., Yetkin T; Istinye University, Istanbul, TR-34010, Türkiye., Zengin AT; Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, TR-34467, Türkiye., Iren E; Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, TR-34380, Türkiye.
Πηγή: Physics in medicine and biology [Phys Med Biol] 2026 Sep 29; Vol. 71 (19). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 29.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Evaluation Study
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: IOP Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401220 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1361-6560 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00319155 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Phys Med Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Bristol : IOP Publishing
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Radiation Protection*/instrumentation , Scintillation Counting*/instrumentation , Monte Carlo Method* , Gamma Rays*
Περίληψη: Objective.Gamma probes for sentinel lymph node localization usually work in counting mode only, with no information on the angular origin of detected gammas. Active-shielded designs that add emission direction finding reach about 95%-97% shielding effectiveness, below the >99% level of passive-shielded commercial probes. We propose and evaluate a hybrid-shielded gamma probe combining both capabilities.Approach.The module integrates a central GAGG(Ce) scintillator for counting, an asymmetric lead or sintered tungsten shielding layer, and an outer ring of GAGG(Ce) scintillators that provide passive attenuation and direction finding functionality. The scintillators are read out by asilicon photomultiplier array. We performed GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations for99 mTc source. Sensitivity, spatial and angular resolution, and shielding effectiveness were characterized according to the NEMA NU3-2004 protocol in air and water, and direction-finding accuracy was assessed over a 360azimuthal scan with a centre-of-gravity (COG) estimator and a von Mises maximum-likelihood fit.Main results.Shielding effectiveness reachedwith the lead collimator andwith the sintered tungsten one, both within the range of passive-shielded commercial probes. Sensitivity at 10 mm in air was around 4560 cps MBq, with spatial and angular resolutions comparable to commercial devices. Over the 360scan, the mean absolute deviation of the estimated direction was 4.05COG and 4.55(maximum-likelihood), with a maximum below 7.2in both cases.Significance.Keeping shielding and directional sensing in separate elements allows each to be optimized independently. To our knowledge, this is the first gamma probe concept combining emission direction finding with shielding above 99%, which has been the main limitation of active-shielded designs. GAGG(Ce), not used in any commercial probe yet, is non-hygroscopic and well matched to silicon photomultipliers. These results motivate experimental prototyping and clinical validation.
(Creative Commons Attribution license.)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: GEANT4; Gamma probe; Monte Carlo simulation; emission direction finding; hybrid shielding; sentinel LYMPH node localization
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260918 Date Completed: 20260929 Latest Revision: 20260929
Update Code: 20260929
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aea9e7
PMID: 42759556
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Monte Carlo evaluation of a novel hybrid-shielded gamma probe with integrated counting and emission direction-finding capabilities.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kolcu+OB%22">Kolcu OB</searchLink>; Istinye University, Istanbul, TR-34010, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yetkin+T%22">Yetkin T</searchLink>; Istinye University, Istanbul, TR-34010, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zengin+AT%22">Zengin AT</searchLink>; Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, TR-34467, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Iren+E%22">Iren E</searchLink>; Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, TR-34380, Türkiye.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220401220%22">Physics in medicine and biology</searchLink> [Phys Med Biol] 2026 Sep 29; Vol. 71 (19). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 29.
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  Data: Journal Article; Evaluation Study
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Bristol : IOP Publishing
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Radiation+Protection%22">Radiation Protection*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Radiation+Protection+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Scintillation+Counting%22">Scintillation Counting*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Scintillation+Counting+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Monte+Carlo+Method%22">Monte Carlo Method*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Gamma+Rays%22">Gamma Rays*</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective.Gamma probes for sentinel lymph node localization usually work in counting mode only, with no information on the angular origin of detected gammas. Active-shielded designs that add emission direction finding reach about 95%-97% shielding effectiveness, below the >99% level of passive-shielded commercial probes. We propose and evaluate a hybrid-shielded gamma probe combining both capabilities.Approach.The module integrates a central GAGG(Ce) scintillator for counting, an asymmetric lead or sintered tungsten shielding layer, and an outer ring of GAGG(Ce) scintillators that provide passive attenuation and direction finding functionality. The scintillators are read out by asilicon photomultiplier array. We performed GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations for<superscript>99 m</superscript>Tc source. Sensitivity, spatial and angular resolution, and shielding effectiveness were characterized according to the NEMA NU3-2004 protocol in air and water, and direction-finding accuracy was assessed over a 360azimuthal scan with a centre-of-gravity (COG) estimator and a von Mises maximum-likelihood fit.Main results.Shielding effectiveness reachedwith the lead collimator andwith the sintered tungsten one, both within the range of passive-shielded commercial probes. Sensitivity at 10 mm in air was around 4560 cps MBq, with spatial and angular resolutions comparable to commercial devices. Over the 360scan, the mean absolute deviation of the estimated direction was 4.05COG and 4.55(maximum-likelihood), with a maximum below 7.2in both cases.Significance.Keeping shielding and directional sensing in separate elements allows each to be optimized independently. To our knowledge, this is the first gamma probe concept combining emission direction finding with shielding above 99%, which has been the main limitation of active-shielded designs. GAGG(Ce), not used in any commercial probe yet, is non-hygroscopic and well matched to silicon photomultipliers. These results motivate experimental prototyping and clinical validation.<br /> (Creative Commons Attribution license.)
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>GEANT4; Gamma probe; Monte Carlo simulation; emission direction finding; hybrid shielding; sentinel LYMPH node localization
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260918 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260929 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260929
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  Data: 10.1088/1361-6560/aea9e7
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  Data: 42759556
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42759556
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        Value: 10.1088/1361-6560/aea9e7
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Radiation Protection instrumentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Scintillation Counting instrumentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Monte Carlo Method
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gamma Rays
        Type: general
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            NameFull: Yetkin T
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              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep 29
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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