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On-demand caries prevention: on-site generated slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potent and biocompatible anti- Streptococcus mutans agent.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: On-demand caries prevention: on-site generated slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potent and biocompatible anti- Streptococcus mutans agent.
Συγγραφείς: Luan M; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China., Gao X; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China., Cao Q; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China., Lv N; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China. lvna@ahmu.edu.cn.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China. lvna@ahmu.edu.cn.
Πηγή: BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2026 Aug 08; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 08.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Streptococcus mutans*/drug effects , Dental Caries*/prevention & control , Dental Caries*/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Water*/pharmacology , Water*/chemistry, Biofilms/drug effects ; Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Electrolysis ; Microscopy, Confocal
Περίληψη: Background: Dental caries remains a prevalent public health disorder dominated by Streptococcus mutans. Novel biocompatible antibacterial agents are urgently required for caries control. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), rich in endogenous hypochlorous acid, boasts broad bactericidal effects and minimal cellular toxicity, yet rapid degradation during storage limits its reproducibility. Thus, this study adopted freshly prepared SAEW to systematically assess its anti-cariogenic performance for translational reference.
Methods: In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SAEW against planktonic S. mutans were determined, and bacterial growth was monitored. Morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofilm structure, viability, and membrane integrity were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with live/dead staining. The cytotoxic effects of SAEW on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: blank control, caries model, 0.12% chlorhexidine, high-concentration SAEW, and low-concentration SAEW groups. All non-blank rats received cariogenic induction and daily topical intervention. Salivary streptococcal loads were quantified, and mandibular caries severity was graded via Keyes scoring combined with radiography.
Results: Freshly prepared SAEW exhibited definitive antibacterial activity against S. mutans Its MIC and MBC against planktonic bacteria were 6.25 ppm and 12.5 ppm, respectively. SAEW compromised bacterial cell membrane integrity (activity reduced to 94.5 ± 0.8% in the high-concentration group). At its effective antibacterial concentrations, SAEW showed no significant cytotoxicity to human oral cells (Cell viability exceeded 80%). In a rat caries model, SAEW significantly reduced oral streptococcal levels and mitigated the severity of carious lesions (caries scores at superficial, moderate, and deep dentinal levels were 10.2 ± 1.30, 6.60 ± 0.89, and 1.00 ± 0.71 in the high-concentration group; all P < 0.05). No obvious histopathological alterations or systemic toxicity were induced by SAEW.
Conclusions: Freshly prepared SAEW eliminates planktonic S. mutans primarily by disrupting cell membranes, with favorable cytocompatibility at working concentrations. It restrains cariogenic colonization and relieves caries progression in rodent models, marking a promising eco-friendly candidate for clinical caries prevention.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: An in vivo rat caries model was established using Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the anticaries efficacy and safety of SAEW in comparison with chlorhexidine (CHX). All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University (Approval No. LLSC20241689). This article does not contain any studies with human participants or client-owned animals performed by any of the authors. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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J Dent Sci. 2023 Jan;18(1):17-26. (PMID: 36643250)
Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2025 Dec;70(6):1217-1240. (PMID: 41076507)
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
059QF0KO0R (Water)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260910 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20260912
Update Code: 20260912
PubMed Central ID: PMC13560147
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-026-09409-w
PMID: 42717335
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: On-demand caries prevention: on-site generated slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potent and biocompatible anti- Streptococcus mutans agent.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Luan+M%22&quot;&gt;Luan M&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Gao+X%22&quot;&gt;Gao X&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Cao+Q%22&quot;&gt;Cao Q&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Lv+N%22&quot;&gt;Lv N&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P. R. China. lvna@ahmu.edu.cn.; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China. lvna@ahmu.edu.cn.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22101088684%22&quot;&gt;BMC oral health&lt;/searchLink&gt; [BMC Oral Health] 2026 Aug 08; Vol. 26 (1). &lt;i&gt;Date of Electronic Publication: &lt;/i&gt;2026 Aug 08.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Streptococcus+mutans%22&quot;&gt;Streptococcus mutans*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Streptococcus+mutans+drug+effects%22&quot;&gt;drug effects&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Caries%22&quot;&gt;Dental Caries*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Caries+prevention+%26+control%22&quot;&gt;prevention &amp; control&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Caries%22&quot;&gt;Dental Caries*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Dental+Caries+microbiology%22&quot;&gt;microbiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22&quot;&gt;Anti-Bacterial Agents*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Water%22&quot;&gt;Water*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Water+pharmacology%22&quot;&gt;pharmacology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Water%22&quot;&gt;Water*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Water+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Biofilms%22&quot;&gt;Biofilms&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Biofilms+drug+effects%22&quot;&gt;drug effects&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Animals%22&quot;&gt;Animals&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Rats%22&quot;&gt;Rats&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Rats%2C+Sprague-Dawley%22&quot;&gt;Rats, Sprague-Dawley&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Humans%22&quot;&gt;Humans&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests%22&quot;&gt;Microbial Sensitivity Tests&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Microscopy%2C+Electron%2C+Scanning%22&quot;&gt;Microscopy, Electron, Scanning&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Electrolysis%22&quot;&gt;Electrolysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Microscopy%2C+Confocal%22&quot;&gt;Microscopy, Confocal&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Dental caries remains a prevalent public health disorder dominated by Streptococcus mutans. Novel biocompatible antibacterial agents are urgently required for caries control. Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), rich in endogenous hypochlorous acid, boasts broad bactericidal effects and minimal cellular toxicity, yet rapid degradation during storage limits its reproducibility. Thus, this study adopted freshly prepared SAEW to systematically assess its anti-cariogenic performance for translational reference.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SAEW against planktonic S. mutans were determined, and bacterial growth was monitored. Morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofilm structure, viability, and membrane integrity were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with live/dead staining. The cytotoxic effects of SAEW on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. 25 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into five groups: blank control, caries model, 0.12% chlorhexidine, high-concentration SAEW, and low-concentration SAEW groups. All non-blank rats received cariogenic induction and daily topical intervention. Salivary streptococcal loads were quantified, and mandibular caries severity was graded via Keyes scoring combined with radiography.&lt;br /&gt;Results: Freshly prepared SAEW exhibited definitive antibacterial activity against S. mutans Its MIC and MBC against planktonic bacteria were 6.25 ppm and 12.5 ppm, respectively. SAEW compromised bacterial cell membrane integrity (activity reduced to 94.5 &#177; 0.8% in the high-concentration group). At its effective antibacterial concentrations, SAEW showed no significant cytotoxicity to human oral cells (Cell viability exceeded 80%). In a rat caries model, SAEW significantly reduced oral streptococcal levels and mitigated the severity of carious lesions (caries scores at superficial, moderate, and deep dentinal levels were 10.2 &#177; 1.30, 6.60 &#177; 0.89, and 1.00 &#177; 0.71 in the high-concentration group; all P &amp;lt; 0.05). No obvious histopathological alterations or systemic toxicity were induced by SAEW.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions: Freshly prepared SAEW eliminates planktonic S. mutans primarily by disrupting cell membranes, with favorable cytocompatibility at working concentrations. It restrains cariogenic colonization and relieves caries progression in rodent models, marking a promising eco-friendly candidate for clinical caries prevention.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: An in vivo rat caries model was established using Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate the anticaries efficacy and safety of SAEW in comparison with chlorhexidine (CHX). All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University (Approval No. LLSC20241689). This article does not contain any studies with human participants or client-owned animals performed by any of the authors. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)&lt;br /&gt;059QF0KO0R (Water)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20260910 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20260910 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20260912
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260912
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13560147
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1186/s12903-026-09409-w
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42717335
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42717335
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1186/s12903-026-09409-w
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biofilms drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rats
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rats, Sprague-Dawley
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrolysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microscopy, Confocal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Streptococcus mutans drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Caries prevention & control
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dental Caries microbiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water chemistry
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: On-demand caries prevention: on-site generated slightly acidic electrolyzed water as a potent and biocompatible anti- Streptococcus mutans agent.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Luan M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Gao X
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cao Q
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lv N
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 08
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 08
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1472-6831
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 26
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: BMC oral health
              Type: main
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