Global, regional, and national prevalence of second-hand smoke and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Global, regional, and national prevalence of second-hand smoke and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
Συλλογικό Έργο:	GBD 2023 Second-hand smoke Collaborators
Πηγή:	The Lancet. Public health [Lancet Public Health] 2026 Oct; Vol. 11 (10), pp. e767-e785. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 07.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Elsevier, Ltd Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101699003 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2468-2667 (Electronic) NLM ISO Abbreviation: Lancet Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: [Oxford] : Elsevier, Ltd., [2016]-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Global Burden of Disease/trends , Global Health/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Child ; Male ; Adolescent ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Adult ; Infant, Newborn ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult ; Risk Assessment ; Middle Aged
Περίληψη:	Background: Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure remains a major source of morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. This study presents the first dedicated Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) publication to systematically quantify SHS prevalence and evaluate its effect as a global risk factor across a broader range of outcomes. Methods: Using the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework, we estimated SHS exposure prevalence and attributable disease burden across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, stratified by age and sex. Exposure estimates were derived by synthesising population-based surveys and household composition data through spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks for nine health outcomes, now including asthma, were estimated using the Burden of Proof methodology, and applied to calculate attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Findings: In 2023, an estimated 2·71 billion (95% UI 2·44-3·02) people worldwide were exposed to SHS, including 767 million (687-858) children aged 0-14 years. Age-standardised prevalence was highest in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (48·4% [44·0-53·4]), with female individuals in some countries experiencing nearly 1·8 times the exposure prevalence of male individuals. Despite a 22·2% (10·6-32·4) decline in global age-standardised prevalence since 1990, this progress has not been sufficient to reduce the absolute number of exposed individuals, which has remained stable globally and has risen sharply in sub-Saharan Africa (98·5% [62·0-144·4] increase) and North Africa and the Middle East (72·1% [47·8-101·8] increase). In 2023, SHS exposure accounted for 1·66 million (1·33-2·07) deaths and 44·8 million (35·8-54·3) DALYs globally. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading contributor to SHS-attributable DALYs (12·0 million [9·31-15·2]) overall, while lower respiratory infections predominated among children (5·16 million [3·48-7·12]). Interpretation: We estimated that SHS remains a substantial driver of global health loss, particularly through cardiovascular and paediatric respiratory diseases. Persistent geographical disparities and growing absolute numbers of exposed individuals in several regions underscore the urgent need for accelerated implementation and enforcement of comprehensive tobacco control measures, particularly to protect women and children in both public and domestic environments. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Gates Foundation. (Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.)
Competing Interests:	Declaration of interests S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from the Institute of Public Health, Lahore (study materials, manuscripts, medical writing, and library resources); grants or contracts from the Dean's Office, Institute of Public Health, Lahore (intellectual contributions and time protection); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the Dean, Institute of Public Health, Lahore; support for attending meetings or travel from the Dean, Institute of Public Health, Lahore; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Member, Pakistan National Bioethics Committee; Member, Institutional Review Board of Fatima Jinnah Medical University; Member, Ethical Review Board and Data Monitoring Board, Institute of Public Health Lahore Pakistan; in charge, Clinical Research Organization, King Edward Medical University; and Member, Annals of King Edward Medical University Advisory Board; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Member, Pakistan Higher Education Commission Research Committee; Member, Pakistan Medical and Dental Commission Research and Journals Committee; Member, Pakistan National Bioethics Committee; Member, Pakistan Society of Internal Medicine; Member, Pakistan Association of Medical Editors; Member, Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society; Fellow of Leads International; Fellow of Faculty of Public Health UK; and Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Bergen University, Norway (computer software and equipment for research writing); and other financial or non-financial interests as Dean, Public Health Institute of Public Health Birdwood Lahore; Member, National Bioethics Committee Pakistan; and Member, Prime Minister Taskforce on HCV, HIV and Infectious Diseases; outside the submitted work. M Alhaj Moustafa reports grants or contracts from Genmab (research grant); consulting fees from ADC Therapeutics and Abbvie (payment to self), and from Genetech (payment to institution); and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Florida Society of Clinical Oncology (presentation payment); outside the submitted work. M Aslam reports grants or contracts from the Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (XMUMRF) for three projects:grant number XMUMRF/2025-C15/ITCM/0006 (Therapeutic and Toxicity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Herbs for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Exploring the Inter-Organelle Contact Sites Modulation Theory; Co-Investigator; Jan 2025–Dec 2027, ongoing), grant number XMUMRF/2023-C11/ISEM/0041 (Children's Rights Education in the Early Years of Divorce: An Exploration of Adolescents’ Perspectives; Co-Investigator; Jan 2023–Dec 2025, ongoing), and grant number XMUMRF/2026-C17/ITCM/0007 (Olfactory Stimulation and Autonomic Regulation in Menstrual Disorders; Co-Investigator; Jan 2026–Dec 2028, ongoing; all internal XMUMRF research grants administered by Xiamen University Malaysia; funds disbursed to institutional research account only; no salary, honoraria, or personal payments to author); outside the submitted work. M Bell reports grants or contracts from US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship, the Health Effects Institute, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Wellcome Trust Foundation (all paid to institution); consulting fees from Clinique and ToxiMap (paid to M Bell for consulting fee); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, University of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, Brown University, Konkuk University, and the Research and Management Center for Health Risk of Particulate Matter (honorarium for speaker), from IOP Publishing (honorarium for editorial duties), from NIH, European Science Foundation, University of Texas, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, and the Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF; honorarium for grant review), from Korea University (honorarium paid to M Bell for research), from Harvard University (honorarium for external advisory committee), and from SciQuest (honorarium for online survey and workshop); support for attending meetings or travel from Colorado School of Public Health, University of Texas, Duke University, Harvard University, American Journal of Public Health, Columbia University, Community Modeling and Analysis System Conference, Nature Conference, Boston University, Konkuk University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, National Academy of Sciences, Wellcome Trust, and University of Pennsylvania (travel reimbursement); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as a member of the Fifth National Climate Assessment, The Lancet Countdown, the Johns Hopkins Department of Environmental Health and Engineering Advisory Board, the Harvard external advisory committee for training grant, and the WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory Group (no payment for all), and the US Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC; honorarium paid to M Bell); outside the submitted work. L Belo reports other financial or non-financial interests: L Belo acknowledges the support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia in the scope of the project UID/04378/2025 and UID/PRR/04378/2025 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences—Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy—i4HB; outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research [KAKENHI], grant number 23KF0126), and from JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science (JSPS International Fellowship, grant number P23712); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the Japan Stroke Society, Japan (honoraria for invited keynote presentation at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Stroke Society, Osaka), and from Semey Medical University, Kazakhstan (honorarium for invited professorship and teaching course in neurocardiovascular therapy); support for attending meetings or travel from the Japan Stroke Society, Japan (travel award for invited keynote presentation at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Stroke Society, Osaka), and from Asialink, The University of Melbourne (travel support for opening invited keynote at the 31st Asialink Leaders Foundation Week Program 2026, Melbourne); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as District Chair, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion & Belonging, Rotary District 9675, Sydney, Australia; Chair, Founding Member and Manager, Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, Germany; Editorial Board Member, PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research, Neurology International, Diagnostics, TouchNeurology, and BMC Medical Research Methodology; Member, College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada; Director of Research, World Headache Society, Bengaluru, India; Expert Adviser or Reviewer, Cariplo Foundation, Milan, Italy; Visiting Director, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Member, Scientific Review Committee, Cardiff University Biobank, Cardiff, UK; Chair, Rotary Reconciliation Action Plan; and Healthcare and Medical Adviser, Japan Connect, Osaka, Japan; outside the submitted work. M Carvalho reports other financial or non-financial interests from LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (M Carvalho acknowledges the support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior under the scope of the project UID/50006/2025, DOI 10.54499/UID/50006/2025); outside the submitted work. R Dandona reports grants or contracts from the Mariwala Health Initiative, Mumbai, India, and the Indian Council of Medical Research, India; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Chair, Independent Programme Oversight Committee for COPE-BP (National Institute for Health and Care Research [NIHR] 206976); Member, Funding Committee, Global NIHR Global Health Research Groups Call 5, NIHR, UK; and Member, Health Metrics Sciences MS Admissions Committee, University of Washington, USA; outside the submitted work. I El Bayoumy reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Editor in Chief for the journal Recent Trends in Infectious Diseases, and Editorial Member, Texila American Journal; outside the submitted work. C Farinha reports consulting fees from European Commission (Expert on assessing calls in health and wellbeing thematics), from Atheneum Partners (Expert/Avaliator), from Centre for Environmental and Sustainability Research – NOVA FCT, NOVA University of Lisbon (Research Collaborator), from TOP HEALTH association, Lisbon, Portugal (Board of https://www.tophealthawards.com), and from Scientific Committee Conferences since 2019 (member of the Scientific Committee of RCS—Portugal); payment for expert testimony from European Commission and from Atheneum Partners; support for attending meetings or travel from Top Health association; patents planned, issued or pending with Top Health association and with RCS–Scientific Committee; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Top Health association and with RCS–Scientific Committee, outside the submitted work. A Gogali reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, and Menarini; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, ELPEN, GSK, and Menarini; and support for attending meetings or travel from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, and Menarini; outside the submitted work. I Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451–03–137/2025–03/200110); outside the submitted work. H Jiang reports grants or contracts from the Australian Research Council (DP200101781; LP240100314; DP260103244; payments made to La Trobe University to fund studies on alcohol, tobacco, and gambling harms and harm prevention); outside the submitted work. M Kashyap reports grants or contracts from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi (grant number 5/13/55/2020/NCD-III); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India, and Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India; and patents planned, issued or pending: 2023–1100–3940 (Indian Patent-Pending) and 2023–1105–8515 (Indian Patent-Pending); outside the submitted work. C Kieling reports grants or contracts from the Wellcome Trust, the UK Academy of Medical Sciences, and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (Brazil; all research grants); consulting fees from the Wellcome Trust and the Child Mind Institute; and other financial or non-financial interests as Cofounder, Wida (digital mental health platform); outside the submitted work. K Kostikas reports grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, ELPEN, GSK, and Menarini; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, ELPEN, GSK, Guidotti, Menarini, Pfizer, and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, ELPEN, GSK, Guidotti, Menarini, Pfizer, and Sanofi; support for attending meetings or travel from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Menarini, Pfizer, and Sanofi; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Chiesi; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Member of GOLD Assembly; and other financial or non-financial interests from AstraZeneca (employee from Sept 2, to Nov 29, 2024); outside the submitted work. K Krishan reports other financial or non-financial interests: Kewal Krishan acknowledges non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, and RUSA 2.0 grant awarded by Ministry of Education to Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. G La Rosa reports grants or contracts: GRM La Rosa was awarded a 2026 Scholarship from the Knowledge-Action-Change Tobacco Harm Reduction Programme, an independent public health organisation based in the UK and funded by Global Action to End Smoking, a US-based independent non-profit 501(c)(3) grant-making organisation, for a project focused on oral health. G La Rosa previously received funding through the same programme in 2024–25 for an additional oral health-related project. GRMLR received research support from ECLAT srl, a spin-off of the University of Catania. ECLAT has received funding from Global Action to End Smoking (which was known at the time as the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World); outside the submitted work. G Liu reports support for the present manuscript from the Al & Val Rosenstrauss Fellowship from the Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation (the fellowship supports G Liu's salary); outside the submitted work. J Liu reports support for the present manuscript: J Liu declared the grants from Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z240004) and National Natural Science Foundation (72474005). J Lopez-Campos reports grants or contracts from Menarini and Grifols; consulting fees from GSK, Menarini, Zambon, Gebro, and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Grifols, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, Bial, Faes Pharma, Menarini, GSK, Gebro, and Chiesi; and support for attending meetings or travel from Grifols, Chiesi, and Gebro; outside the submitted work. W Marz reports consulting fees from AMGEN, Sanofi, Amryt Pharmaceuticals, Abbott Diagnostics, Akzea Therapeutics, Novartis Pharma GmbH, and SOBI (all personal); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AMGEN, Sanofi, Amryt Pharmaceuticals, Abbott Diagnostics, Akzea Therapeutics, Novartis Pharma GmbH, and SOBI (all personal); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Board Member, DACH Society Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease; and other financial or non-financial interests from SYNLAB Holding Deutschland GmbH (employment); outside the submitted work. S Masi reports grants or contracts from Servier (personal contracts for consulting activities, lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, and educational events); consulting fees from Servier (personal consulting fees, 2022 to present); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Servier (personal honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, and educational events, 2018 to present); support for attending meetings or travel from Servier (personal support for attending national and international meetings, 2018 to present); and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Servier (participation on advisory board for the launch of new drugs, 2024 to present); outside the submitted work. G Mensah reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Chair, World Heart Federation Science Committee; Member, World Heart Federation Executive Committee; and Member, GBD Scientific Council; and stock or stock options from NVIDIA, CrowdStrike, iShares U.S. Technology, and Palantir Technologies; outside the submitted work. S Meo reports grants or contracts: S Meo acknowledges support from the Ongoing Research Funding Program (ORF-2026–47), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; outside the submitted work. G Milani reports consulting fees from Angelini Pharma (payments made to G Milani for scientific consultancy about the topic of fever of unknown origin and fever management); outside the submitted work. L Monasta reports support for the present manuscript: L Monasta acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017), payments made to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo. R Moreira reports grants or contracts from the CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship (R Moreira is a research productivity fellow of CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development; scholarship registration number 308986/2025–3; R Moreira requested that the acknowledgment of this grant and its number be included, as it is related to research using the GBD); outside the submitted work. S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (24H00663); outside the submitted work. B Oancea reports support for the present manuscript from Unitatea Executivă pentru Finanțarea Învățământului Superior, a Cercetării, Dezvoltării și Inovării (project PN-IV-P6–6·1-CoEx-2024–0196, contract number 17/2.03.2026) and MRID (project PNRR/2022/C9/MCID/I8, project code: 842027778, CF 68, project 760096); outside the submitted work. R Palma-Alvarez reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Angelini Pharma, Casen Recordati, Lundbeck, Neuraxpharm, Rubio, Servier, and Takeda; and support for attending meetings or travel from Angelini Pharma, Italfarmaco, Advanz Pharma, Takeda, Lundbeck, and Camurus; outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as Member of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for the clinical trial “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients”—Fondazione Italiana Linfomi, Alessandria, Italy (no payment received); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Member of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Statistical Committee, Paris, France (no payment received), Member of the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi Statistical Committee, Alessandria, Italy (no payment received), and Past Member (2020–23, biostatistician) of the Institutional Review Board/Independent Ethics Committee Comitato Etico Antonio e Biagio Alessandria, Italy (no payment received); outside the submitted work. E Pirera reports support for attending meetings or travel from Chiesi Farmaceutici, Menarini, Sanofi, and Regeneron; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: E Pirera has served as external expert for GSK; outside the submitted work. L Ronfani reports support for the present manuscript from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017): L Ronfani acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health through the contribution given to the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy (Ricerca Corrente 34/2017). A Shaban-Nejad reports grants or contracts from the National Cancer Institute, the Tennessee Department of Health, and the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (all research grants; unrelated to this manuscript); consulting fees from Haleon (consulting fees for digital technologies; unrelated to this manuscript); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (honoraria for panel participation; unrelated to this manuscript); and support for attending meetings or travel from Haleon and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (travel support to attend a meeting; unrelated to this manuscript, for both); outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Johnson & Johnson, MSD, and Novartis (paid lectures, not related to this work); support for attending meetings or travel from AstraZeneca (travel grant, not related to this work); and patents planned, issued, or pending: one patent on COVID-19, not related to this work (Bulgarian Patent Office—BG113116A); outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview Healthcare Partners, Yale University, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals–DINORA, ANI–Exeltis USA, SOBI Pharmaceuticals, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta–Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two Labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care Options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point Communications, NIH, and the American College of Rheumatology (consultant fees paid to J A Singh for each entity); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events: J A Singh is on the speakers bureau of Simply Speaking (JAS previously served as a consultant and consultant fees were paid to J A Singh); support for attending meetings or travel: past Steering Committee Member of OMERACT (J A Singh previously received support from the organisation to attend their meeting every 2 years); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from the US Food and Drug Administration Arthritis Advisory Committee (J A Singh served previously as a member; no financial support); leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid: past Steering Committee Member of the OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's-length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies (J A Singh previously received support from the organisation to attend their meeting every 2 years); and stock or stock options from Atyr Pharmaceuticals, Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Aebona Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte's Web Holdings(J A Singh owns stock options), and previously from Amarin, Viking, and Moderna (J A Singh previously owned stock options in these companies); outside the submitted work. J Soriano reports support for the present manuscript: J Soriano has received pharmaceutical company grants from 2022 to 2026 from Chiesi, GSK, Linde, and Novartis via Hospital Universitario de La Princesa. Participated in speaking activities, advisory committees, and consultancies from 2022 to 2026 sponsored by Air Liquide, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, American College of Chest Physicians, Chiesi, Comité Nacional de Prevención del Tabaquismo, European Respiratory Society, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Gebro, Grifols, GSK, The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Laminar Pharma, Linde, Lipopharma, Menarini, Mundipharma, Novartis, WHO, Pfizer, ResApp, Research in Real Life, Laboratorios Farmaceuticos ROVI, Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica, Sapio Group, Seqirus, WHO Europe, Takeda, and Zambon. J Soriano declares never having received, directly or indirectly, any funding from tobacco manufacturers or their affiliates. S Straube reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee, or advocacy group, paid or unpaid as Editorial Board Member, SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, and Board Member, M.S.I. Foundation (payments to S Straube); outside the submitted work. E Zainal Abidin reports grants or contracts from the UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council (project grant MR/W027801/1); outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information:	T32 CA057711 United States CA NCI NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing:	Investigator: LS Flor, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; JA Anderson, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; BW Morgan, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; M Ng, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; NUS-IHME Global Burden of Disease Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; B A C, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; H Aalruz, Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; UO Abaraogu, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.; S Abd ElHafeez, Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; M Abdelmasseh, Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.; M Abdoun, Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria; Department of Health, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria.; Z Abdrakhmanova, Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; R Abdul-Ghani, Department of Parasitology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Tropical Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen.; T Abdul-Rahman, Department of Research, Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine.; AA Abejew, School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; OO Abiodun, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria.; O Abiodun, Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.; RG Aboagye, Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; NM Abourashed, Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.; D Abtahi, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; FHA Abuadas, Primary Care Nursing Department, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan.; AK Abubakar, Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.; B Abubakar, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.; RK Abu-Farha, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; HJ Abukhadijah, Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; A Aburub, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; S Aburuz, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; A Acharya, Institute of International Health, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; K Acharya, Department of Research, New ERA, Kathmandu, Nepal.; LC Adams, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; TA Adebisi, Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria; NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; BO Adebiyi, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.; OE Adegbile, Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ilesa, Nigeria.; AG Adepoju, Department of Health Informatics, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; DA Adepoju, Department of Health Informatics, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; MA Adesina, Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; W Adikusuma, Research Center for Computing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.; BA Admasu, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.; AA Afolabi, Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria.; M Afshari, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran.; MS Afzal, Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.; S Afzal, Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.; DM Agarwal, Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India.; FD Agide, Department of Public Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda.; A Agodi, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; AMR Ahmad, Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England.; A Ahmad, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.; D Ahmad, School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia.; K Ahmad, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; S Ahmad, Department of Biosciences, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.; S Ahmad, Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.; S Ahmad, Department of General Surgery, School of Surgery Wales, Swansea, UK.; A Ahmed, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan; Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.; A Ahmed, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Pan-African One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali, Rwanda.; H Ahmed, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.; JM Ahmed, Health Department, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmaceuticals and Allied Health Sciences, University of Balochistan Quetta, Quetta, Pakistan.; KA Ahmed, School of Medicine and Surgery, Amoud University, Borama, Somalia.; MF Ahmed, Department of Health Sciences and Informatics, Bangladesh Institute of Innovative Health Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Applied Statistics and Data Science, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MM Ahmed, Institute for Global Health, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia.; MSA Ahmed, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.; S Ahmed, Department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan.; DM Akintunde, Medecins Sans Frontieres - Holland, Doctors Without Borders, Omdurman, Sudan; Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.; T Akinyemiju, Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; H Akram, Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, USA.; S Al Awaidy, Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman.; M Al Qadire, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.; Y Al Thaher, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales.; MAM Al Zoubi, School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.; MM Alajlani, Faculty of Pharmacy, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria.; MS Al-Ak'hali, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; MK Alam, Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; MJ Alam, Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; RM Al-Amer, School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; RA Alamoudi, Endodontic Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; SM Al-Anzi, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; FY Al-Ashwal, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology (USTY), Sana'a, Yemen.; A Al-Azayzih, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; AM Al-Bashaireh, Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan.; M Albashtawy, Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.; AM Aldhahir, Respiratory Therapy Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; MS Aldossary, General Directorate of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; R Alebshehy, Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, England; Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.; AM Alfalki, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.; MR Algethami, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; SMM Alghamdi, Clinical Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.; KF Alhabib, Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; MM Alhadidi, Faculty of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; M Alhaj Moustafa, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.; B Alhalabi, School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; Department of Nutrition, Homs University (formerly Al-Baath University), Homs, Syria.; FN Alhalaiqa, College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; A Alhassan, Department of Adult Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.; MJM Alhawajreh, School of Health Sciences, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.; A Alhumaidi, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sana'a, Yemen; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.; I Ali, Department of Community Medicine, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria, Vienna, Austria.; K Ali, College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; MD Ali, Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; R Ali, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; SS Ali, Biodiversity and Genomic Unit, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.; M Al-Iede, The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; SM Alif, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; SM Aljunid, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.; MA Al-Kaif, Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.; ZI Alkhatib, Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; H Alkousheh, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.; SA Alkubati, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; WT Almagharbeh, Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.; FA Almarshadi, Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; A Al-Maruf, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Rajshahi University in Bangladesh, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; S Al-Marwani, Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan.; MM Alnaeem, Department of Clinical Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; MA Alomari, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; MR Alosta, Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan.; JS Alqahtani, Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; MR Alqudimat, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait.; AR Al-Qudimat, Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; N Alrabadi, Medicine, Pharmacology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; RM Al-Raddadi, Department of Prevebtive Medicine and Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; OM Alrasheedy, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; SM Alrousan, Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.; MA Alsaegh, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; B Alsaif, Public Health Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; A Alsalhani, Medical Colleges, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Medical College, Hama University, Hama, Syria.; NZ Alshahrani, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; AS Al-Shami, Department of Pharmacology, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.; AF Alsharari, College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; E Alshawish, Dean of the Faculty of Nursing, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; H Alshetaiwi, Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; A Altaf, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda.; N Alvis-Guzman, Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia.; H Alwafi, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.; YM Al-Worafi, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen.; H Aly, Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; MSI Alyahya, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; AH Al-Zalabani, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.; KH Alzoubi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; AS Al-Zubairi, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen; Laboratory Medicine Department, Al-Baha University, Al-Aqiq, Saudi Arabia.; PO Ameh, Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.; TT Amin, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Bio-Medical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.; S Amini, Department of Health and Management Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.; GGH Amul, School of Government, Ateneo De Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines; Alcohol, Drugs, and Development Programme, FORUT, Solidarity Action for Development, Gjøvik, Norway.; GA Amusa, Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.; J Amzat, Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.; EW Anbesu, Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.; SS Andra, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.; A Anil, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.; AHS Anil Kumar, Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India.; P Anjana, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute Of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India.; SE Ankomah, Department of Management, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.; BS Anuoluwa, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; IA Anuoluwa, Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; S Anvari, Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; SL Anwar, Department of Surgery, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; GLC Apostol, School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines; Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines.; J Arabloo, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; AY Aravkin, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; I Ardani, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia.; D Areda, College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA.; O Aremu, Department of Public Health, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England.; R Arifin, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, Ponorogo, Indonesia.; T Aripov, Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; M Arooj, University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; M Arora, Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India; Research Department, Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth, New Delhi, India.; UR Aryal, Department of Research, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.; M Ashfaque, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India.; AM Ashmawy, Department of Chemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.; T Ashraf, Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye.; BKY Asiamah-Asare, Department of Deakin Health Economics, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; O Asifat, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University System of Georgia, Statesboro, GA, USA.; MS Aslam, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.; I Asmar, Department of Nursing, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Palestine.; Y Asri, Nursing Department, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia; Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Technology and Health Science RS dr Soepraoen, Malang, Indonesia.; Ö Ataç, Institute of Population and Social Research, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye.; Z Atalykova, Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; SS Athari, Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; SB Atoyebi, School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.; A Atreya, Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal.; A Aujayeb, Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; ZZ Aung, Department of Health Outcome and Policy Evaluation, Thailand National Health Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand.; K Aurangzeb, Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; UA Awan, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan.; A Ayoob, Public Health Dentistry, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, India.; S Azadnajafabad, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; MY Aziz, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.; P Baby, College of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.; SBJ Bacha, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; M Badar, Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.; Y Bae, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea.; N Bagheri, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia.; KK Baghlaf, Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; AR Bahar, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.; Y Bahar, Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.; F Bahrami Asl, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.; AA Baig, Applied College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.; AU Bai-Sesay, Research and Scientific Division, Ministry of Health, Free Town, Sierra Leone.; M Balabekova, Department of Pathological Physiology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; P Balakrishnan, MAHER Centre for Global Health Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India; Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia.; YPS Balhara, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; SA Balogun, Goldfields University Department of Rural Health, Curtin University, Kalgoorlie, WA, Australia.; M Banach, Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.; A Banerjee, Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, England.; B Banik, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.; F Barbic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.; M Barchitta, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'GF Ingrassia', University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; HJ Barqawi, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; L Barua, Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; F Basha, Department of Public Health, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; MA Bashar, Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; A Bashiri, Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; J Basit, Department of General Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; K Batra, Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.; M Bauckneht, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.; SD Bayable, Anesthesia and critical care, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; NS Bayleyegn, Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.; S Bazargan-Hejazi, Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; NM Beeraka, Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; AN Belay, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia.; AG Belayneh, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; ML Bell, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; AB Bello, Parasitology Unit, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; IO Bello, Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; L Belo, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; SN Bente Kamal Tune, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; KZ Berhanu, Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.; GY Bhadila, Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; JS Bhalla, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA.; S Bhaskar, Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.; SA Bhat, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.; AK Bhati, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; P Bhattacharjee, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.; S Bhattacharya, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; BS Bintoro, Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia; Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia.; B Biswas, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; M Biswas, Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.; L Bohn, Research Centre for Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; A Boloor, Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; S Bouaoud, Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria.; M Brauer, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.; SMAUS Bukhari, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; AO Busari, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.; ZA Butt, School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.; S C, The Apollo University, Apollo Hospital, Chittor, India.; Z Cai, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Y Cao, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Z Cao, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.; A Capodici, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.; G Carreras, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy.; AF Carvalho, IMPInstitute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.; F Carvalho, Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; M Carvalho, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; S Carvalho, Department of Basic Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.; MS Cattaruzza, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.; L Cegolon, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy.; S Cerrai, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy.; RM Chandika, Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; M Chandradasa, Department of Psychiatry, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; University Psychiatry Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.; VK Chattu, Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, Tennessee State University (TSU), Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India.; AA Chaudhary, Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; A Chaurasia, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; AT Chen, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.; H Chen, Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.; J Chen, Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.; S Chen, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England.; CKC Cheung, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.; NW Chew, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; F Chichagi, Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Chinnaiyan, SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.; B Chong, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; RK Choudhary, College of Applied and Health Sciences, ASharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman, Ibra North Sharqiyah Governorate, Oman.; DJ Christopher, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India.; DT Chu, The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam.; IS Chukwu, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria.; S Chung, Department of Health Behavior, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.; J Conde, Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.; A Corlateanu, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova.; I Cosentini, Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.; C Cosma, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.; MH Criqui, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.; N Cruz-Martins, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.; F Cuenca-Martínez, Faculty of Physical Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.; D D Vera-Camargo, Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia.; AG da Silva, School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; O Dadras, Center for Immigrant and Refugee Health, Public Health Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; N Dagli, Karnavati Scientific Research Centre, Karnavati Scientific Research Centre, Gandhinagar, India.; A Dahdouh, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire- Pôle 15, Public Health France, Paris, France.; X Dai, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; G Dalla Costa, Nutrition Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; LO Damoah, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.; L Dandona, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.; R Dandona, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.; P Danpanichkul, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.; MZ Darabseh, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; SD Darcho, Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.; S Das, Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India.; Y Dave, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India.; M Del Riccio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Infectieziekten in de Eerste Lijn Programme, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.; M Dervišević, Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis 'Podhrastovi', University Clinical Center in Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.; AT Desale, Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.; D Devegowda, JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; YPP Devi, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Population Studies, and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia.; N Devnath, Joseph J. Zilber College of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.; SMR Dewan, Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; AS Dhane, Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; M Dhimal, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.; DSR Dhital, Department of Research and Development, Home in Place, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.; B Dhungel, Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; TE Dinkayehu, Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; P Dohare, Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; L Dong, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; J Dönicke, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.; OP Doshi, Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, NJ, USA.; RP Doshi, Department of Cardiology, Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, NJ, USA; Newton Medical Center, Sparta, NJ, USA.; PMM Dourado, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Clínica Pró Coração, São Paulo, Brazil.; RK Dowou, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; EW Dumbili, School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.; BB Duncan, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; J Dunne, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.; H Durmuş, Department of Public Health, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye.; D Edvardsson, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; K Edvardsson, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.; A Eftekharimehrabad, Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye; NanoBioMedicine international Research Center, Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan.; EH Eissa, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt.; M Ekholuenetale, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK.; SM Eko, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.; RA El Arab, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; IF El Bayoumy, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta City, Egypt; School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana.; S El Khatib, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Pueblo, CO, USA.; I El Sayed, Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; MA Eladl, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; AM Elasbali, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat, Saudi Arabia.; I Elbarazi, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; M Elhadi, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; YAM Elhadi, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Healthcare Policy and Financing, Global Health Focus, Khartoum, Sudan.; AO Elmeligy, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.; OAA Elmeligy, Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; MA Elmonem, Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.; G ELNahas, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Executive Committee, International Association for Women Mental Health, Potomac, MD, USA.; A Elssir Ahmed, Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Molecular Biology Department, Africa City of Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.; H Emad, College of Nursing, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; MA Emesobum, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA.; L Engelbert Bain, Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England.; S Eskandarieh, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; CN Esomchi, Department of Human Anatomy, State University of Medical and Applied Sciences, Igbo Eno, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ikwo, Nigeria.; PM Eze, Department of Environmental Health Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.; E Ezenwankwo, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; D Ezhilarasan, Deparatment of Pharmacology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; AF Fagbamigbe, Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.; IR Fakhradiyev, Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; BM Faqihi, Respiratory Therapy Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.; A Farhana, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.; S Faridi, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; CSES Farinha, Environmental Statistics Unit, National Institute of Statistics, Lisbon, Portugal; Ecological Economics and Environmental Management, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.; SMY Farooq, Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan.; M Fatima, Department of Geography and Geoinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.; T Fazylov, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; VL Feigin, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.; A Feizkhah, Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; F Fekih-Romdhane, Ibn Omrane Department of Psychiatry, University Tunis El Manar, Manouba, Tunisia.; R Fernandez-Jimenez, Cardiovascular Health and Imaging Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) (National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Research), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.; N Ferreira, Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.; N Feter, Deparment of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; FT Filippidis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England.; S Firdous, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.; F Fischer, Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany.; JL Fisher, James Cancer Hospital at The Ohio State University, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; F Fogacci, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.; M Fonzo, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy.; C Forner Álvarez, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.; KR Fowobaje, Division of Clinical Epidemiology (KEP), Karolinska Institute, Stockholms, Sweden.; DL Francis, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; AG Gad, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; S Gad, University of Khorfakkan, University of Khorfakkan, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Social Work, Capital (Helwan) University, Helwan, United Arab Emirates.; MA Gadanya, Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.; AR Gadbail, Department of Dentistry, Government Medical College, Nagpur, India.; S Gaihre, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.; M Gajdács, Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.; S Gallus, Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.; B Ganesan, School of American Education, Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; E Ganessane, Trauma and Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, India.; S Gangachannaiah, Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; FJB Garcia, Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.; J Garlasco, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.; SV Gentry, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England.; M George Mathew, Christian Dental College, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Ludhiana, India.; L Getacher, Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.; MH Ghaffoori Kanaan, Department of Nursing, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq.; KY Ghailan, Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; L Gharaibeh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan.; M Ghasemi, Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; S Ghimire, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.; A Gholamrezanezhad, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; TG Gia Nguyen, International University of Health and Welfare, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan.; AU Gil, Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan.; RF Gillum, Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.; A Gogali, Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.; K Gohari, Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran.; G Gökulu, Department of Pediatrics, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Türkiye.; M Golechha, Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India.; M Golkar, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; SM Gondivkar, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, India.; D Gopinath, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; G Gorini, Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy.; SC Govindappa, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; M Grivna, Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.; B Guan, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.; SY Guan, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.; ZH Gufue, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.; A Guha, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; Z Guo, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.; Z Guo, Nanyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, China.; A Gupta, Genetics and Genomics, Independent Consultant, Davis, CA, USA.; B Gupta, Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; H Gupta, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; S Gupta, Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India.; S Gupta, Community and Family Medicine, Central Armed Police Forces Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS-CAPFIMS), Delhi, India.; YD Guracho, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; S Gurajala, Department of Respiratory Care, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia.; E Guzmán-Muñoz, Kinesiology Department, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile.; A Habteyesus, Bloomberg School of Public Healh, Johns Hopkins University, Arlington, VA, USA.; YG Haile, Asrat Woldeyes College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.; E Halboub, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; S Hallit, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; RR Hamadeh, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.; S Hameed, Department of Public Health, Green International University, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; S Hamouri, Department of General Surgery and Urology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Amman, Jordan.; AM Hamza, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, Kano, Nigeria.; N Hanifi, Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.; F Hanna, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; A Hargono, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Population Studies and Health Promotion, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.; S Harsini, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.; AI Hasaballah, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.; AA Hasan, Nursing Program, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; F Hasan, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.; S Hasan, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.; T Hasan, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.; IN Hassan, Department of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.; LA Hassan, Department of Anatomy, University of Ilesa, Ilesa, Nigeria.; SI Hay, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; G Heidari, Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, USA.; M Heidari, Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.; NM Helal, Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; M Hemmati, Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.; BY Herrera-Serna, Departamento de Salud Oral (Department of Oral Health), Universidad Autónoma de Manizales (Autonomous University of Manizales), Manizales, Colombia.; DZ Heyi, Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia.; Y Hiraike, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; R Holla, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; M Hoseinzadeh, School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; International Center for Materials Sciences and Technology, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan.; MS Hossain, Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet, Bangladesh.; S Hossain, Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Y Hu, Maternal Care and Child Health Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; W Huang, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; Y Huang, Advanced Institute of Convergence Knowledge Informatics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.; YS Huang, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; A Humayun, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.; J Hussain, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; BF Hwang, Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan.; LF Iannone, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.; SE Ibitoye, Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; FM Ibrahim, Nursing Faculty, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; RAK College of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.; R Ibrahim, Nursing Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Madinat Zayed, United Arab Emirates.; A Ibrayeva, Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; A Ikiroma, Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research, Aberdeen, Scotland.; OS Ilesanmi, West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; IM Ilic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; MD Ilic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.; A Ilyas Abbasi, Department of Clinical Medicine, Wahat Al Shifa Medical Center, Madinah Al Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia.; M Immurana, Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; E Indriasih, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia.; D Iqbal, College of Nursing, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.; B Irfan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; LM Irham, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; MR Islam, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Public Health, Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MS Islam, Research and Publication Department, World Health Organization (WHO), Dhaka, Bangladesh.; MS Islam, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; F Islami, Department of Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.; ZB Ispayeva, Department of Allergology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; A Izbasarova, Department of Nervous Diseases, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; JS Izquierdo-Condoy, One Health Research Group, Universidad De Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.; J Jacob, College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.; A Jadidi, Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.; A Jain, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.; M Jakovljevic, Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy; Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.; QMS Jamal, Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.; R Janardhanan, Division of Medical Research, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; R Jansen, Clinic for Neurology, Universityhospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; SK Jayapal, The Medical City for Military and Security Services School, Muscat, Oman.; S Jayaram, Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India.; RD Jayasinghe, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; YA Jayasinghe, Centre for Evidence Synthesis and Implementation Research, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Jindal School of Public Health and Human Development, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India.; GH Jeong, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.; D Jiang, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.; H Jiang, Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; S Jin, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.; T Joo, Health Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary.; J Jose, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.; A Joseph, SRM School of Public Health, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.; N Joseph, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; CE Joshua, Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria.; GV Joy, Nursing & Midwifery Research Department (NMRD), Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; V K, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; Z Kabir, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Research Department, TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.; DH Kadir, Department of Statistics, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Business Administrations, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.; A Kadri, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.; PV Kakodkar, Independent Consultant, Pune, India.; E Kalan, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.; S Kamenova, Department of General Medical Practice No. 2, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; DN Kamtam, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; M Kanaan, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England.; SF Kanaan, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; J Kang, School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; KK Kanmodi, Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Thomas Adewumi University, Oko, Nigeria.; S Kant, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; RS Kantar, The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, USA.; SJ Kantipudi, Department of Psychiatry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India.; D Kar, Community and Primary Care Research Group, Plymouth University, Plymouth, England.; P Karakasis, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; I Karibayeva, Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA; Department of Research Management, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; S Karkhah, Department of Medical‑Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.; RP Karnam, School of Management (Hospital and Health Care Management, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India.; MI Karobari, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; FZ Kashoo, Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia.; MK Kashyap, Amity Stem Cell Institute (ASCI), Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.; SVV Katikireddi, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.; S Kaur, Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, England.; MM Kawafha, Department of Basic Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; YT Kebede, Department of Internal Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, CT, USA.; V Keishing, Mayo Artificial Intelligence Lab, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Computer Science, Dhanamanjuri University, Imphal, India.; C Keke, Center for Tobacco Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.; YS Khader, Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; H Khajuria, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; A Khaleel, Department of Pharmacy, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.; A Khalid, Health Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan.; Z Khan, Department of Cardiology, University of South Wales, Treforest, UK; Department of Cardiology, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.; Z Kharaba, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; K Khatab, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK; College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA.; MM Khatatbeh, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.; KA Kheirallah, Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; P Khosla, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; PR Khuman, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India.; C Kieling, Instituto de Pesquisa, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; J Kim, Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; K Kim, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.; S Kim, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea.; YJ Kim, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; S Km Kondlahalli, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Karad, India.; PB Kodali, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.; A Kondybayeva, Scientific and Educational Center for Neurology and Applied Neuroscience, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; O Korzh, Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.; S Kosen, Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia.; K Kostikas, Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina, Greece, Ioannina, Greece.; A Koul, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; K Krishan, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.; B Krishnan, Department of Physiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.; N Krishnasamy, Department of Oral Biology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; J Kruja, Department of Neuroscience, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania; Department of Neuroscience, Medical Sciences University Hospital, Tirana, Albania.; CH Kua, School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore.; B Kucuk Bicer, Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye.; CE Kuehni, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, ISPM University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; M Kulimbet, Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Department of Research Management, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; MM Kulkarni, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India.; E Kumah, Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Winneba, Ghana.; D Kumar, Department of Community Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India.; GA Kumar, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.; K Kumar, Department of Mathematics, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India.; M Kumar, Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.; M Kumar, Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India.; N Kumar, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; P Kumar, Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.; P Kumar, Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.; R Kumar, Department of Paediatrics, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.; R Kumar, Department of Health Management, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; S Kumar, Department of Economics, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, India.; SK Kunutsor, Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England.; OP Kurmi, Lincoln Institute of Rural and Coastal Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.; MD Kurniasari, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia; School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.; KP Kurpad, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA.; A Kusnali, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia.; D Kusuma, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.; A Kuttybayev, Department of Public Health, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; T Kwak, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; V Kytö, Clinical Research Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Heart Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.; GRM La Rosa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.; A Lachi, Department of Medicine, UniCamillus University, Rome, Italy.; C Lahariya, Division of Evidence Synthesis, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India; Division of Lifestyle Medicine, Centre for Health: The Specialty Practice, New Delhi, India.; H Lai, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; T Lajunen, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; AD Laksono, Department of Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Central Jakarta, Indonesia; Health Policy, Airlangga Centre for Health Policy, Surabaya, Indonesia.; T Laksono, Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas 'Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; S Lasrado, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India.; A Latif, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.; P Lauriola, International Society of Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy.; TTT Le, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.; JL Leasher, College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.; H Lee, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.; HL Lee, Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia.; H Lee, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; HJ Lee, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.; R Lee, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.; SW Lee, Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea.; WC Lee, Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.; V Leivaditis, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.; DA Lemma, Department of Pharmacy, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia.; JEE Leon-Rojas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad De Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.; MHS Lesmana, Department of Mental Health and Community Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; H Li, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.; J Li, The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; L Li, First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.; M Li, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.; Q Li, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; S Li, Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA.; X Li, Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.; Y Li, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.; Z Li, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; Y Lian, Discipline of Physiology, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland.; J Lin, International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; Y Lin, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.; D Lindholm, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.; G Liu, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; J Liu, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China.; X Liu, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China.; X Liu, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; JL Lopez-Campos, Unidad Medico-Quirurgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain.; JF López-Gil, School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.; PD Lopukhov, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; G Lucchetti, School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.; A Lugo, Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.; LS Luo, Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; P Luo, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.; P Luo, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland.; S Luo, The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China; Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.; HN Luu, Dr. Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.; W Lv, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.; MD Lytras, College of Engineering, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Management of Information Systems Department, The American College of Greece, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.; HI M Amin, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.; KS Ma, Center for Global Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; M Machoy-Rakoczy, Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.; AA Madfa, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen.; M Mahalleh, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; K Mahmoud, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.; A Majeed, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England.; AA Malik, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; DC Malta, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; K Mamillo, Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA.; S Martini, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia; Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia.; M Martorell, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.; JJF Mary, Department of Community Medicine, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry, India.; W März, Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.; S Masi, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.; S Masood, Department of Clinical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.; S Masrouri, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Y Mathangasinghe, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; AG Mathioudakis, Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, England; North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.; MR Mathur, Department of Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India; Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.; N Mathur, Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.; R Mattiello, Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; CNP Mbachu, Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria.; M McKee, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England.; JK Meena, Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; F Mehravar, Public Health Faculty, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.; R Mehrotra, Centre for Health Innovation and Policy, Noida, India.; V Mehta, Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India.; T Mekene Meto, Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.; AR Memon, Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah (Shaheed Benazirabad), Pakistan; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; GA Menezes, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Trinity Medical Sciences University, St. Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; RG Menezes, Department of Pathology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; GA Mensah, Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.; SA Meo, Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; TJ Meretoja, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; T Mestrovic, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.; CDK Mettananda, Department of Pharmacology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Clinical Medicine Department, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.; MMM Metwally, Department of Pathology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.; D Miezah, Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA; Nursing Department, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.; MA Mikrajab, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor District, Indonesia.; GPP Milani, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.; TR Miller, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA.; G Minervini, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy; Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; EM Mirrakhimov, Internal Medicine Department, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.; SA Mirshahvalad, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, ON, Canada.; AE Mohamed, Pathology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA.; NS Mohamed, Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan.; KAH Mohamed Ahmed, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Department of Pathophysiology, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada.; A Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.; M Mohammed, Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; S Mohammed, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.; M Mohseni, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Iran; Department of Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; AH Mokdad, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; A Mokhirev, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; L Monasta, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.; RS Moreira, Department of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.; M Morovvati, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; SD Morrison, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.; MM Morsy, American Society for Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity in Healthcare, Delaware, USA, Delaware, DE, USA.; AA Mosa, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Zakho, Duhok, Iraq.; R Mosaddeghi Heris, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; FEC Mosquera, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali, Colombia.; R Motappa, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; S Mubarik, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.; A Mukhopadhyay, Department of Medicine, Integrated Medicine Programme, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.; M Muniyandi, Department of Health Economics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.; CJL Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; SM Murugan, Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India; Santosh University, New Delhi, India.; D Musoke, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; G Mustafa, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.; M Muzaffar, Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; L Naga Rajeev, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pimpri, India; Sankhyatraya Science And Research Association, Department of Biostatistics, New Delhi, India.; K Nagarajan, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.; KPP Nagdeo, Department of Epidemiology, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.; GR Naik, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Computer Science and IT, Torrens University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.; SR Nair, Parivartan Trust, Independent Consultant, Pune, India.; M Najafi, Public Health, TDR Grantee at IIHMR University, Jaipur, India; Research Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.; HHR Najmuldeen, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq; University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; MJ Namazi, Radiation Oncology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.; G Nambi, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.; V Nangia, Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.; R Naqvi, Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.; AI Narayana, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; S Nargus, University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.; GG Nascimento, School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.; ZS Natto, Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Entrepreneurship & Innovation Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; J Nauman, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.; Z Naureen, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.; BP Nayak, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India.; K Nayak, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.; C Nejjari, Euromed Research Center, Euromed University of Fes, Fez, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.; A Nemmar, Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; E Nena, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.; S Nepal, Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal.; HB Netsere, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; JW Ngunjiri, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.; CT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; DC Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; HT Nguyen, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.; TV Nguyen, The Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, NSW, Australia.; RK Niazi, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.; YT Nigatu, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.; A Nikoobar, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; V Niranjan, School of Medicine, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.; S Nomura, Global Health Policy Lab, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.; AA Noorali, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; F Nugen, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; School of Information, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.; ASD Nugrahani, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; AP Nugroho, Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia.; MH Nunemo, Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.; B Oancea, Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Bioinformatics Department, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania.; EM O'Connell, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.; FM Oddi, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.; MJ O'Donnell, Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland.; OE Ogunmiluyi, Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria.; OO Ojedoyin, Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Health Sciences ila Orangun Osun, Ila-Orangun, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.; H Okati-Aliabad, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.; SR Okeke, Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; AP Okekunle, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; OC Okonji, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.; MC Okonkwo, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Houston, Texas, Houston, TX, USA.; AT Olagunju, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.; AM Olajuyin, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA.; OV Olalusi, Department of Neurology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; DB Olawade, Department of Public Health, University of East London, London, UK.; GMM Oliveira, Cardiology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.; A Olorunlana, Caleb University, Lagos, Nigeria; Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc: Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria.; A Omar Bali, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Jadara Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan.; AS Oradova, Scientific Laboratory 'Center for Collective Use', Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; M Ordak, Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.; A Osborne, Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone.; EH Othman, Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.; A Ouyahia, Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.; MO Owolabi, Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; OA Oyebanji, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; T Oyelade, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England; School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, England.; I Ozsahin, Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Türkiye.; M Pa, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India.; A Padron-Monedero, National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.; JR Padubidri, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; DM Paija, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Nadiad, India.; V Palaniswamy, Institute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, India.; T Palicz, Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.; RF Palma-Alvarez, Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain.; HF Pan, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.; A Pana, Department of Community Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania; National Center for Statistics in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania.; S Panda-Jonas, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.; A Pandey, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.; SR Pandey, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, England; School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, London, England.; A Pandya, Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavioural Sciences, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India.; I Pantazopoulos, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.; P Papadopoulou, Department of Natural Sciences, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece; Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.; R Paramastri, Department of Nutrition, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.; S Pardhan, Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England.; EC Park, Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.; SJ Park, Medical Big Data Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.; S Park, Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.; A Parmar, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.; R Passera, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Imaging, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino (AOU City of Health and Science of Turin), Torino, Italy.; KN Patel, Department of Cardiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Cardiology, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Kansas City, MO, USA.; NN Patel, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tennessee, Nashville, TN, USA.; S Patel, Zoology Section, Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Ajmer, India.; SV Patel, Independent Consultant, Denville, NJ, USA.; VN Patel, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.; ML Pathirathna, Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.; S Patil, College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA.; D Patoulias, Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.; U Paudel, Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.; I Pavlova, Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Lviv, Ukraine; Helsinki Collegium of Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; S Pawar, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.; J Pekarcikova, Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.; F Pennisi, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Vita Salute San Raffaele University in Milan (Italy), Milan, Italy; Public Health, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.; VCF Pepito, Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines.; P Peprah, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; G Pereira, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.; TT Pham, College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Research Advancement Consortium in Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; MR Phillips, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.; E Pirera, Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.; E Plotnikov, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.; D Poddighe, College of Health Sciences (CHS), VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; RV Polibin, Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.; A Porwal, Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; P Porwal, Dental Public Health, Independent Dental researcher, Neemuch, India.; M Poursadeqiyan, Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.; PMS Pradhan, Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; EJS Prates, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; H Priya, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India.; M Pruc, Technology Transfer Center, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.; X Qi, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA.; B Rachmat, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia.; I Radenkov, St. Cyril and Methodius University- Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia.; RA Radhakrishnan, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Oman Dental College, Muscat, Oman.; V Radhakrishnan, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India.; I Rafique, Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institutes of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan.; P Raghuveer, Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.; S Rahimi, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Science Research Centre, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.; A Rahman, Public Health Department, Torrens University Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; FM Rahman, College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Biology, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.; MM Rahman, Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; MS Rahman, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; M Rahman, Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.; MA Rahman, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia.; AM Rahmani, Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan.; S Rahmati, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, Iran; Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Rai, Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Hajipur, India.; I Raimondo, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy.; SK Raina, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Tanda, Kangra, India.; A Raja, Department of Cardiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.; H Rajha, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.; PL Rajpoot, Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; B Raju, Molecular Biology and Genomics Lab, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; MM Ramadan, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; M Ramadan, Department of Population Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; K Ramadhan, Department of Midwifery, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Palu, Indonesia.; SK Ramasamy, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; AG Rao, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; K Rao, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte University, Mangalore, India.; S Rashid, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.; S Rath, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.; I Rathi, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; SK Rauniyar, Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; DL Rawaf, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England; Inovus Medical, St Helens, UK.; S Rawaf, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England; Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, England.; A Rehman, Department of Pathological Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.; NU Rehman, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.; R Reile, Department for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.; M Rezaei, School of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.; N Rezaei, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; YA Rias, College of Nursing, Insitut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Indonesia.; JAB Rodriguez, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, England.; D Rojas-Rueda, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.; L Ronfani, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.; A Roy, Department of Community Medicine, RVM Medical College and Research Centre, Hyderabad, India; Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.; AMA Saad, Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.; A Sabbah, Assistance Medical Science Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.; KP Sadarangani, Escuela de Kinesiología, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.; SK Sadat Rafiei, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; BA Saddik, School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.; MR Saeb, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland.; U Saeed, Széchenyi István University, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary; Irfan Suat Gunsel Operational Research Institute, Near East University, Turkey, Nicosia, Türkiye.; M Safari, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health in Disaster & Emergency, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; SZ Safi, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia.; D Sagoe, Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.; I Saha, Department of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata, India.; A Sahebkar, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India.; V Sahni, Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; A Sahoo, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India.; A Saikia, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.; MR Sajid, Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan.; JW Sakshaug, LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany.; AA Salami, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc., Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.; AM Samy, Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.; MM Santric-Milicevic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; BP Sao Jose, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; U Saraswati, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.; A Saravanan, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India.; Y Sarikhani, Department of Public Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; M Sarmadi, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Health Sciences Research Centre, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.; GS Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; SC Sarode, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.; N Sarrafzadegan, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; M Sassano, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; A Satija, Clinical Studies and Trials Unit (Development Research), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.; A Saurabh, Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; GK Saya, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.; C Schinckus, Universidad ESAN, Lima, Peru; Graduate School of Business, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada.; MI Schmidt, Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.; A Schuermans, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; V Selvaraj, Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.; MH Semreen, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.; Y Sethi, Department of Medicine, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India.; F Sevim, Department of Healthcare Management, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye; Department of Healthcare Management, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye.; SM Seyed Alshohadaei, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Shaban-Nejad, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA.; U Shahab, Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; S Shahabi, Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Rehabilitation Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; S Shaharudin, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.; SMA Shahid, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; A Shahriari, Department of Transitional Residency, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, FL, USA.; G Shahrour, Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.; KM Shahunja, Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; MA Shaikh, Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.; S Sham, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA.; MA Shamim, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.; M Shams-Beyranvand, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.; A Shamsutdinova, Science Department, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; A Shankar, Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; SK Shanmugam, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.; N Sharif, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; A Sharifan, Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria.; A Sharma, Department of Physiotherapy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.; J Sharma, Department of Physiotherapy, Galgotas University, Greater Noida, India.; M Sharma, Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.; S Sharma, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; A Sheidaei, Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran; School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; NA Sheikh, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India.; RD Shenoy, Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, St Johns, Antigua and Barbuda; Pediatrics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; M Shetty, Alva's Insitute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Moodubidire, India.; PK Shetty, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; HZ Shi, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; R Shirkoohi, Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; A Shittu, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; P Shivappa, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.; V Shivarov, Department of Experimental Research, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria; Department of Genetics, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridiski', Sofia, Bulgaria.; DO Shomuyiwa, Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, University System of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.; S Shrestha, Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal; Person-Centred Research Directorate, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC, Australia.; D Shrivastav, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India.; SA Shuaibu, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria.; K Shuval, Kenneth H. Cooper Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, USA.; ID Sigfusdottir, Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.; A Singh, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; A Singh, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; A Singh, Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.; JA Singh, School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Houston, TX, USA.; J Singh, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India.; PS Singh, Amity Institute of Public Health and Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida, India.; P Singh, Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Patiala, India.; V Singh, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mahaveer Jaipuria Rajasthan Hospital, Jaipur, India.; N Skhvitaridze, Global and European Health Education and Study Institute, University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.; VY Skryabin, Books Committee, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK.; F Sobia, Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.; MS Sohel, Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Y Solak, Çubuk District Health Directorate, Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health, Ankara, Türkiye.; Y Song, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.; S Soraneh, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.; JB Soriano, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) (Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases Network), Madrid, Spain.; M Sorrentino, Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.; L Soueid, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.; CT Sreeramareddy, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; S Sriram, College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.; MH Stanikzai, Department of Public Health, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan.; P Steiropoulos, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.; K Straif, Global Observatory on Pollution and Health, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA; ISGlobal Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; S Straube, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; B Stubbs, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy., Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, England.; P Stubbs, Discipline of Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; A Sugunan, Faculty of Management, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.; MJM Sullman, Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.; M Sultana, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Z Sun, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.; CK Swain, Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.; DA Syaiful, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga Indonesia, Surabaya, Indonesia.; AS Syed Khaja, Department of Pathology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.; S Tv, School of Public Health, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India.; C Tabche, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England.; M Tabish, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.; T Tabuchi, Division of Epidemiology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.; M Taheri Soodejani, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran.; IM Talaat, Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.; M Tampa, Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania.; IU Tarigan, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia.; A Tasnim, Department of Public Health and Informatics, Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; AY Tazhiyeva, Department of Science, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; G Temesgen, Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.; A Temsah, Dental Department, Specialized Medical Center Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; MH Temsah, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; M Teramoto, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; S Thakur, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; KR Thankappan, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India.; R Thapar, Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.; NK Thomas, Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's Hospital, Patanamthitta, India.; M Tleshev, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; SI Tonapa, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.; TH Tran, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Business Analytics, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA.; TPT Tran, Early Dectection, Prevention and Infections Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.; N Tran Minh Duc, Research and Advocacy Initiative, ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Viet Nam.; D Trico, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.; CD Tristan, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.; VK Truong, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.; G Tse, Department of Population Health, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.; E Tsermpini, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.; AR Tualeka, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University of Development, Surabaya, Indonesia.; M Tuffour Amirikah, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; M Tumurkhuu, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.; MJ Uddin, Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet, Bangladesh; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Daffodil International University (DIU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.; B Ulambayar, Department of Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.; HO Umar, Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria.; B Unim, Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.; JS Usman, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.; H Uzunçıbuk, Department of Orthodontics, University of Trakya, Edirne, Türkiye.; R Vr, College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.; AG Vaithinathan, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain.; PR Valdez, Sociedad Argentina de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Vélez Sarsfield, Buenos Aires, Argentina.; Z Vally, Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.; J Van den Eynde, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; C Vardavas, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Athens, Greece.; P Varma, Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.; U Venkatesh, Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India.; N Venketasubramanian, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.; AK Verma, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India.; K Verma, Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of NCT of Delhi, Delhi, India.; V Vikram, Henry M.Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.; D Villarreal-Zegarra, Digital Health Research Center, Digital Health S.A., Lima, Peru; Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru.; T Vinh, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.; FS Violante, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Occupational Medicine Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.; LM Vitorino, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá -FMIT, Other, Itajubá, Brazil; Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí - UNIVÁS, Pouso Alegre, Brazil.; R Vlahos, School of Health and Biomedcal Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.; V Vlassov, Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.; SR Volovat, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Grigore T Popa' Iasi, Iaşi, Romania; Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iaşi, Romania.; L Vu, Faculty of Public Health, VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam; International Institute for Training and Research (INSTAR), VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam.; TT Vu, Department of Health and Human Performance, York College/City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Center for Innovation in Mental Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.; AS Wada, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria.; ST Wafula, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.; M Wahidin, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia.; E Waisberg, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.; A Wali, Faculty of Medicine, Homs University, Homs, Syria.; L Wang, Marshall Centre for Interventions in Infectious Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; R Wang, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.; S Wang, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.; S Wang, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; Y Wang, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, England.; Y Wang, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; TS Warouw, Health Unit Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia.; SA Wasti, Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan.; FL Wei, Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China; Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.; DP Wickramasinghe, Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.; ND Wickramasinghe, Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.; M Wieckiewicz, Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.; A Wilandika, Department of Nursing, Universitas Aisyiyah Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.; F Williams, Independent Investigator, Washington DC, DC, USA.; GK Wirtu, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.; TE Wonde, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.; JF Wu, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.; S Wu, Health Policy and Management Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Q Xia, Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.; W Xie, Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.; Z Xie, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Shantou University, Guangzhou, China.; MK Yadav, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.; V Yadav, Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.; ZSS Yadita, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; S Yahoo, Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India.; G Yahya, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.; N Yamada, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Postgraduate Education and Training, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.; H Yan, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; K Yang, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.; K Yangi, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.; MA Yassin, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Hematology Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.; KA Yergaliyev, SDU University, Astana, Kazakhstan.; S Yezli, Innovation and Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; X Yi, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.; YE Yismaw, Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.; DK Yon, Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.; N Yonemoto, Department of Biostatistics, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.; Y Yu, School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.; M Yuwanati, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.; V Zadnik, Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.; E Zainal Abidin, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.; F Zakham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen.; M Zastrozhin, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Administration, PGxAI, San Francisco, CA, USA.; S Zbiri, Mohammed VI International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco; Institute for Healthcare System Analysis (IA2S), Paris, France.; MGM Zeariya, Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.; EM Zeru, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; B Zeshan, Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.; CJP Zhang, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; H Zhang, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.; J Zhang, Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.; X Zhang, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.; X Zhang, Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.; Z Zhang, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.; Z Zhang, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China.; M Zhanuzakov, Faculty of Medicine and Healthcare, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; S Zhao, Office of Chongqing Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.; L Zheng, Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; MH Zheng, Department of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.; CC Zhong, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.; C Zhou, Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.; H Zhou, Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China.; B Zhu, School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.; A Zhumagaliuly, Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.; ZA Zimme, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Ethiopia; Center for Global Digital Health Innovation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Ethiopia.; MA Zoromba, College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.; AH Zyoud, Department of Chemistry, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.; E Gakidou, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260907 Date Completed: 20260922 Latest Revision: 20260925
Update Code:	20260925
PubMed Central ID:	PMC13598462
DOI:	10.1016/S2468-2667(26)00168-4
PMID:	42705247
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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ISSN:	2468-2667
DOI:	10.1016/S2468-2667(26)00168-4