Academic Journal
View in EDS
Linked Full Text

Allee Effect and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Different Therapeutic Outcomes for Different Tumour Growth.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Allee Effect and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Different Therapeutic Outcomes for Different Tumour Growth.
Authors: Chen J; Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia., Frascoli F; Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia. ffrascoli@swin.edu.au., Zhang T; Department of Mathematics, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia. tonghuazhang@swin.edu.au.
Source: Bulletin of mathematical biology [Bull Math Biol] 2026 Sep 02; Vol. 88 (10). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 02.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0401404 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1522-9602 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00928240 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bull Math Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: New York, NY : Springer
Original Publication: New York, Pergamon Press.
MeSH Terms: Oncolytic Virotherapy*/statistics & numerical data , Oncolytic Virotherapy*/methods , Neoplasms*/therapy , Neoplasms*/pathology , Neoplasms*/virology , Models, Biological*, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control ; Humans ; Mathematical Concepts ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Burden ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Logistic Models ; Oncolytic Viruses
Abstract: Tumour recurrence after oncolytic virotherapy is a critical clinical challenge, as solid cancers tend to persist and spread after such therapies alone. Often, mathematical models consider tumour growth without taking possible cooperative cell behaviours into account. Instead, the well-known Allee effect has the ability to drive low-density tumour dynamics and affect therapeutic outcomes. For this reason, we here explore the contribution of Allee effects into two of the most common cancer growth paradigms, e.g. the logistic and the Gompertz frameworks. Our analysis reveals that density-dependent cooperation fundamentally alters virotherapy efficacy. Weak effects can enable pseudo-extinction states where tumour populations collapse to undetectable levels, whilst strong effects can interestingly create non trivial, bistable outcomes. Initial tumour burden seems to be determinant: bifurcation analysis shows scenarios where modest increase in infection or decrease in clearance rates can shift outcomes dramatically. Notably, the Gompertz model exhibits multistability under marginal Allee thresholds, pointing at a possible explanation for spontaneous remission that have been clinically observed. Overall, these findings suggest that Allee effects may be an important factor in the future to adjust dosing schedules, reduce viral loads, lower recurrence risk and shorten therapeutic times. Our framework may also offer quantitative guidance for patient-specific regimes for virotherapy and combination therapies.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: On behalf of all co-authors, I hereby state that every author has reviewed and agreed to the final version of this manuscript. The work is entirely original, has not been published elsewhere, and is not simultaneously under review by another journal. The authors confirm that there are no financial or personal conflict of interest that could have influenced the conduct of the study or the conclusions presented.
References: Allee WC, Bowen ES (1932) Studies in animal aggregations: mass protection against colloidal silver among goldfishes. J Exp Zool 61:185–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400610202.
Alwithenani A, Hengswat P, Chiocca EA (2025) Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics: from mechanistic insights to clinical translation. Mol Ther 33(5):2217–2228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.03.035. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.03.035)
Arancibia-Ibarra C (2019) The basins of attraction in a modified May-Holling-Tanner predator-prey model with Allee affect. Nonlinear Anal 185:15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2019.03.004.
Amarti Z, Nurkholipah NS, Anggriani N, Supriatna AK (2018) A Gompertz population model with Allee effect and fuzzy initial values. AIP Conf Proc 1937(1):020002. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5026074. (PMID: 10.1063/1.5026074)
Baabdulla AA, Hillen T (2024) Oscillations in a spatial oncolytic virus model. Bull Math Biol 86(8):93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-024-01322-z. (PMID: 10.1007/s11538-024-01322-z)
Böttger K, Hatzikirou H, Voss-Böhme A, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Herrero MA, Deutsch A (2015) An emerging Allee effect is critical for tumor initiation and persistence. PLoS Comput Biol 11(9):1004366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004366. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004366)
Bhatt DK, Janzen T, Daemen T, Weissing FJ (2022) Modelling the spatial dynamics of oncolytic virotherapy in the presence of virus-resistant tumour cells. PLoS Comput Biol 18(12):1010076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010076. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010076)
Benzekry S, Lamont C, Beheshti A, Tracz A, Ebos JML, Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P (2014) Classical mathematical models for description and prediction of experimental tumor growth. PLoS Comput Biol 10(8):1003800. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003800. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003800)
Courchamp F, Berec L, Gascoigne J (2008) Allee Effects in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570301.001.0001.
Chen Y, Chen X, Bao W, Liu G, Wei W, Ping Y (2024) An oncolytic virus-T cell chimera for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Biotechnol 42(12):1876–1887. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-023-02118-7. (PMID: 10.1038/s41587-023-02118-7)
Chikkappa G, Chanana AD, Chandra P, Cronkite EP, Thompson KH (1980) Cyclic oscillation of blood neutrophils in a patient with multiple myeloma. Blood 55(1):61–66. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V55.1.61.61. (PMID: 10.1182/blood.V55.1.61.61)
Cañellas-Socias A, Cortina C, Hernando-Momblona X et al (2022) Metastatic recurrence in colorectal cancer arises from residual EMP1+ cells. Nature 611(7936):603–613. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05402-9. (PMID: 10.1038/s41586-022-05402-9)
Corless RM, Gonnet GH, Hare DEG, Jeffrey DJ, Knuth DE (1996) On the LambertW function. Adv Comput Math 5(1):329–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02124750. (PMID: 10.1007/BF02124750)
Camara BI, Mokrani H, Diouf A, Sané I, Diallo AS (2022) Stochastic model analysis of cancer oncolytic virus therapy: estimation of the extinction mean times and their probabilities. Nonlinear Dyn 107(3):2819–2846. (PMID: 10.1007/s11071-021-07074-y)
Cushing JM (2015) The evolutionary dynamics of a population model with a strong Allee effect. Math Biosci Eng 12(4):643–660. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2015.12.643. (PMID: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.643)
Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2002) Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 3(11):991–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1102-991. (PMID: 10.1038/ni1102-991)
Deredec A, Courchamp F (2003) Extinction thresholds in host-parasite dynamics. Ann Zool Fenn 40:115–130.
Dennis B (1989) Allee effects: Population growth, critical density, and the chance of extinction. Nat Resour Model 3(4):481–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00119.x. (PMID: 10.1111/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00119.x)
Delitala M, Ferraro M (2020) Is the Allee effect relevant in cancer evolution and therapy? AIMS Math 5(6):7649–7660. https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2020489. (PMID: 10.3934/math.2020489)
Dhooge A, Govaerts W, Kuznetsov YA (2003) MATCONT: a MATLAB package for numerical bifurcation analysis of ODEs. ACM Trans Math Softw 29(2):141–164. https://doi.org/10.1145/779359.779362. (PMID: 10.1145/779359.779362)
Du B, Qin J, Lin B, Zhang J, Li D, Liu M (2025) CAR-T therapy in solid tumors. Cancer Cell 43(4):665–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2025.03.019. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ccell.2025.03.019)
Endicott JL, Nolte PA, Shen H, Laird PW (2022) Cell division drives DNA methylation loss in late-replicating domains in primary human cells. Nat Commun 13(1):6659. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34268-8. (PMID: 10.1038/s41467-022-34268-8)
Frascoli F, Kim PS, Hughes BD, Landman KA (2014) A dynamical model of tumour immunotherapy. Math Biosci 253:50–62. (PMID: 10.1016/j.mbs.2014.04.003)
Fadai NT, Simpson MJ (2020) Population dynamics with threshold effects give rise to a diverse family of Allee effects. Bull Math Biol 82(6):74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-020-00756-5. (PMID: 10.1007/s11538-020-00756-5)
Gerlee P, Altrock PM, Malik A, Krona C, Nelander S (2022) Autocrine signaling can explain the emergence of Allee effects in cancer cell populations. PLoS Comput Biol 18(3):1009844. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009844. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009844)
Guo E, Dobrovolny HM (2023) Mathematical modeling of oncolytic virus therapy reveals role of the immune response. Viruses 15(9):1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091812. (PMID: 10.3390/v15091812)
Gerlee P (2013) The model muddle: in search of tumor growth laws. Cancer Res 73(8):2407–2411. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4355. (PMID: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4355)
Guzelsoy G, Elorza SD, Ros M, Schachtner LT, Hayashi M, Hobson-Gutierrez S, Rundstrom P, Brunner JS, Pillai R, Walkowicz WE, Finley LWS, Deforet M, Papagiannakopoulos T, Carmona-Fontaine C (2025) Cooperative nutrient scavenging is an evolutionary advantage in cancer. Nature 640(8058):534–542. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08588-w. (PMID: 10.1038/s41586-025-08588-w)
Grumbach C, Hilker FM (2025) Allee pits in metapopulations: critical dispersal rates for connectivity to be beneficial. Theor Ecol 18(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12080-024-00597-1. (PMID: 10.1007/s12080-024-00597-1)
Hastings A, Abbott KC, Cuddington K, Francis T, Gellner G, Lai Y-C, Morozov A, Petrovskii S, Scranton K, Zeeman ML (2018) Transient phenomena in ecology. Science 361(6406):6412. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6412. (PMID: 10.1126/science.aat6412)
Hershey BJ, Barozzi S, Orsenigo F et al (2023) Clonal cooperation through soluble metabolite exchange facilitates metastatic outgrowth by modulating Allee effect. Sci Adv 9(37):4184. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh4184. (PMID: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4184)
Jenner AL, Coster ACF, Kim PS, Frascoli F (2018) Treating cancerous cells with viruses: insights from a minimal model for oncolytic virotherapy. Lett Biomath 5:117–136. (PMID: 10.30707/LiB5.2Jenner)
Jin K-T, Du W-L, Liu Y-Y, Lan H-R, Si J-X, Mou X-Z (2021) Oncolytic virotherapy in solid tumors: the challenges and achievements. Cancers 13(4):588. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040588. (PMID: 10.3390/cancers13040588)
Johnson KE, Howard G, Mo W, Strasser MK, Lima EABF, Huang S, Brock A (2019) Cancer cell population growth kinetics at low densities deviate from the exponential growth model and suggest an Allee effect. PLoS Biol 17(8):3000399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000399. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000399)
Jenner AL, Kim PS, Frascoli F (2019) Oncolytic virotherapy for tumours following a Gompertz growth law. J Theor Biol 480:129–140. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.08.002)
Jhawar SR, Wang S, Thandoni A et al (2023) Combination oncolytic virus, radiation therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in anti-PD-1-refractory cancer. J Immunother Cancer 11(7):006780. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2023-006780. (PMID: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006780)
Jenner AL, Yun C-O, Kim PS, Coster ACF (2018) Mathematical modelling of the interaction between cancer cells and an oncolytic virus: insights into the effects of treatment protocols. Bull Math Biol 80(6):1615–1629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-018-0424-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s11538-018-0424-4)
Kennedy BJ (1970) Cyclic leukocyte oscillations in chronic myelogenous leukemia during hydroxyurea therapy. Blood 35(6):751–760. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V35.6.751.751. (PMID: 10.1182/blood.V35.6.751.751)
Konstorum A, Hillen T, Lowengrub J (2016) Feedback regulation in a cancer stem cell model can cause an Allee effect. Bull Math Biol 78:754–785. (PMID: 10.1007/s11538-016-0161-5)
Kim P-H, Sohn J-H, Choi J-W, Jung Y, Kim SW, Haam S, Yun C-O (2011) Active targeting and safety profile of PEG-modified adenovirus conjugated with herceptin. Biomaterials 32(9):2314–2326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.031. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.10.031)
Komarova NL, Wodarz D (2010) ODE models for oncolytic virus dynamics. J Theor Biol 263(4):530–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.009. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.009)
Liu X, Fan G, Zhang T (2019) Evolutionary dynamics of single species model with Allee effect. Physica A 526:120774. (PMID: 10.1016/j.physa.2019.04.010)
Liu Z-G, Jiao D (2019) Necroptosis, tumor necrosis and tumorigenesis. Cell Stress 4(1):1–8. (PMID: 10.15698/cst2020.01.208)
Lewis MA, Kareiva P (1993) Allee dynamics and the spread of invading organisms. Theor Popul Biol 43(2):141–158. https://doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.1993.1007. (PMID: 10.1006/tpbi.1993.1007)
Li, Y., Wu, C., Lee, J., Ning, Q., Lim, J., Eoh, H., Wang, S., Hurrell, B.P., Akbari, O., Ou, J.-h.J.: Hepatitis B virus e antigen induces atypical metabolism and differentially regulates programmed cell deaths of macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 20(3), 1012079 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012079.
Liu Y, Zhang T, Liu X (2020) Investigating the interactions between Allee effect and harvesting behaviour of a single species model: An evolutionary dynamics approach. Physica A 549:124323. (PMID: 10.1016/j.physa.2020.124323)
Moorman A, Benitez EK, Cambulli F et al (2025) Progressive plasticity during colorectal cancer metastasis. Nature 637(8047):947–954. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08150-0. (PMID: 10.1038/s41586-024-08150-0)
Morselli D, Delitala ME, Frascoli F (2023) Agent-based and continuum models for spatial dynamics of infection by oncolytic viruses. Bull Math Biol 85(10):92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-023-01192-x. (PMID: 10.1007/s11538-023-01192-x)
Morselli D, Delitala ME, Jenner AL, Frascoli F (2026) A hybrid discrete-continuum modelling approach for the interactions of the immune system with oncolytic viral infections. J Theor Biol 627:112462. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2026.112462)
Morselli D, Frascoli F, Delitala ME (2026) The role of viral dynamics and infectivity in models of oncolytic virotherapy for tumours with different motility. Bull Math Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-026-01630-6. (PMID: 10.1007/s11538-026-01630-6)
Nguyen DT, Ogando-Rivas E, Liu R, Wang T, Rubin J, Jin L, Tao H, Sawyer WW, Nguyen TYN, Mendez-Gomez HR, Cascio M, Mitchell DA, Huang J, Sawyer WG, Sayour EJ, Castillo P (2022) CAR T cell locomotion in solid tumor microenvironment. Cells 11(12):1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11121974. (PMID: 10.3390/cells11121974)
Nguyen TT, Shin DH, Sohoni S et al (2022) Reshaping the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic viruses, positive regulation of the immune synapse, and blockade of the immunosuppressive oncometabolic circuitry. J Immunother Cancer 10(7):004935. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-004935. (PMID: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004935)
Neufeld Z, Von Witt W, Lakatos D, Wang J, Hegedus B, Czirok A (2017) The role of Allee effect in modelling post resection recurrence of glioblastoma. PLoS Comput Biol 13(11):1005818. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005818. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005818)
Nishida N, Yano H, Nishida T, Kamura T, Kojiro M (2006) Angiogenesis in cancer. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2(3):213–219. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.213. (PMID: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.213)
Pooladvand P, Kim PS (2022) Modelling oncolytic virus diffusion in collagen-dense tumours. Front Syst Biol 2:903512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsysb.2022.903512.
Peng Y, Zhang T (2016) Turing instability and pattern induced by cross-diffusion in a predator-prey system with Allee effect. Appl Math Comput 275:1–12.
Ribas A, Dummer R, Puzanov I et al (2017) Oncolytic virotherapy promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration and improves anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Cell 170(6):1109–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.027. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.027)
Rajalakshmi M, Ghosh M (2018) Modeling treatment of cancer using virotherapy with generalized logistic growth of tumor cells. Stochastic Anal Appl 36(6):1068–1086. (PMID: 10.1080/07362994.2018.1535319)
Rodriguez AR, Lutcher CL (1976) Marked cyclic leukocytosis-leukopenia in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Am J Med 60(7):1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(76)90578-7. (PMID: 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90578-7)
Ramaj T, Zou X (2023) On the treatment of melanoma: a mathematical model of oncolytic virotherapy. Math Biosci 365:109073. (PMID: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109073)
Sewalt L, Harley K, Van Heijster P, Balasuriya S (2016) Influences of Allee effects in the spreading of malignant tumours. J Theor Biol 394:77–92. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.024)
Sardar M, Khajanchi S (2022) Is the Allee effect relevant to stochastic cancer model? J Appl Math Comput 68(4):2293–2315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-021-01618-6. (PMID: 10.1007/s12190-021-01618-6)
Su D, Li Y, Zhang W et al (2023) SPTAN1/NUMB axis senses cell density to restrain cell growth and oncogenesis through Hippo signaling. J Clin Invest 133(20):168888. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI168888. (PMID: 10.1172/JCI168888)
Shen JZ, Qiu Z, Wu Q, Finlay D, Garcia G, Sun D, Rantala J, Barshop W, Hope JL, Gimple RC, Sangfelt O, Bradley LM, Wohlschlegel J, Rich JN, Spruck C (2021) FBXO44 promotes DNA replication-coupled repetitive element silencing in cancer cells. Cell 184(2):352–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.042. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.042)
Stephens PA, Sutherland WJ (1999) Consequences of the Allee effect for behaviour, ecology and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 14(10):401–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01684-5. (PMID: 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01684-5)
Voulgarelis D, Bulusu KC, Yates JWT (2022) Comparison of classical tumour growth models for patient derived and cell-line derived xenografts using the nonlinear mixed-effects framework. J Biol Dyn 16(1):160–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2022.2061615. (PMID: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2061615)
Vaghi C, Rodallec A, Fanciullino R, Ciccolini J, Mochel JP, Mastri M, Poignard C, Ebos JML, Benzekry S (2020) Population modeling of tumor growth curves and the reduced Gompertz model improve prediction of the age of experimental tumors. PLoS Comput Biol 16(2):1007178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007178. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007178)
Wodarz D (2001) Viruses as antitumor weapons: defining conditions for tumor remission. Cancer Res 61(8):3501–3507.
Wei Z, Xia Y, Zhang T (2020) Stability and bifurcation analysis of an amensalism model with weak Allee effect. Qual Theory Dyn Syst 19(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12346-020-00341-0. (PMID: 10.1007/s12346-020-00341-0)
Xiao Z, Hao Y, Qin T, Han Z (2003) Periodic oscillation of blood leukocytes, platelets, and hemoglobin in a patient with chronic eosinophilic leukemia. Leuk Res 27(1):89–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2126(02)00097-8. (PMID: 10.1016/S0145-2126(02)00097-8)
Xue C, Liu X (2015) Chaos and bifurcations of a Leslie-Gower food chain with strong Allee effect. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 2015(10):430985. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/430985. (PMID: 10.1155/2015/430985)
Xuan Y, Yan W, Wang R, Wang X, Guo Y, Dun H, Huan Z, Xu L, Han R, Sun X, Si L, Lemoine NR, Wang Y, Wang P (2025) GM-CSF and IL-21-armed oncolytic vaccinia virus significantly enhances anti-tumor activity and synergizes with anti-PD1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 15:1506632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1506632. (PMID: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1506632)
Xu J, Zhang T, Han M (2019) A regime switching model for species subject to environmental noises and additive Allee effect. Physica A 527:121300. (PMID: 10.1016/j.physa.2019.121300)
Yuan Y, Allen LJS (2011) Stochastic models for virus and immune system dynamics. Math Biosci 234(2):84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2011.08.007. (PMID: 10.1016/j.mbs.2011.08.007)
You E, Danaher P, Lu C et al (2024) Disruption of cellular plasticity by repeat RNAs in human pancreatic cancer. Cell 187(25):7232–7247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.024. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.024)
Yun C, Hong J, Yoon A (2022) Current clinical landscape of oncolytic viruses as novel cancer immunotherapeutic and recent preclinical advancements. Front Immunol 13:953410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410. (PMID: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410)
Yang Q, Shu Y, Chen Y, Qi Z, Hu S, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Xu X, Hu J, Huang A, Cheng P (2025) Expression of SIRP α-fc by oncolytic virus enhances antitumor efficacy through tumor microenvironment reprogramming. Front Immunol 16:1513555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1513555. (PMID: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1513555)
Yu X, Yuan S, Zhang T (2018) Persistence and ergodicity of a stochastic single species model with Allee effect under regime switching. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 59:359–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2017.11.028. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2017.11.028)
Zhong L, Gan L, Wang B et al (2025) Hyperacute rejection-engineered oncolytic virus for interventional clinical trial in refractory cancer patients. Cell 188(4):1119–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.12.010. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.12.010)
Zu J, Mimura M (2010) The impact of Allee effect on a predator-prey system with holling type II functional response. Appl Math Comput 217(7):3542–3556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2010.09.029. (PMID: 10.1016/j.amc.2010.09.029)
Zu J, Mimura M, Wakano JY (2010) The evolution of phenotypic traits in a predator-prey system subject to Allee effect. J Theor Biol 262:528–543. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.10.022)
Grant Information: No. 202206460020 China Scholarship Council; DP230100485 Australian Research Council; NHMRC IDEAS 2013058 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; No. 12271308 National Natural Science Foundation of China
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Allee effect; Oncolytic virotherapy; Therapeutic outcomes; Tumour; Tumour growth
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260902 Date Completed: 20260902 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261009
PubMed Central ID: PMC13538181
DOI: 10.1007/s11538-026-01746-9
PMID: 42684524
Database: MEDLINE
Description
ISSN:1522-9602
DOI:10.1007/s11538-026-01746-9