The relationship between swamps and malaria: a review of the studies titled The Sanitary and Social Geography of Turkey.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	The relationship between swamps and malaria: a review of the studies titled The Sanitary and Social Geography of Turkey.
Συγγραφείς:	Tanış C; Department of History, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Türkiye. cihattanis@ahievran.edu.tr.
Πηγή:	Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM [Philos Ethics Humanit Med] 2026 Sep 01; Vol. 21 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 01.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101258058 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1747-5341 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17475341 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Philos Ethics Humanit Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, 2006-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Malaria/prevention & control , Malaria/epidemiology , Wetlands* , Sanitation*, Turkey/epidemiology ; Humans
Περίληψη:	This study examines the multidimensional impact of infectious diseases on societies through the case of malaria, with particular emphasis on the anti-malaria campaigns implemented in Türkiye during the early Republican period within the framework of the studies titled The Sanitary and Social Geography of Turkey. These works constitute primary-source materials that systematically document the country's health conditions, social structure, and geographical characteristics during the early years of the Republic. In this study, data on swamps and malaria contained in these publications were analysed through a systematic document analysis and regional comparative approach. The findings demonstrate that the relationship between swamps and malaria varied considerably across provinces. While a strong positive association was identified along the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts and in the major river deltas, this relationship was substantially weaker in the high-altitude regions of Eastern Anatolia. Furthermore, the effectiveness of swamp-drainage programmes in controlling malaria remained limited due to factors such as fragmented implementation, recurrent flooding, and irrigation projects. The analysis also indicates that agricultural activities, particularly rice cultivation, contributed to the spread of malaria by creating artificial swamp environments. Consequently, malaria control emerged as a central policy domain during the early Republican period, becoming closely integrated with the state's broader strategies of nation-building and socio-economic development. (© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests:	Declarations. Ethical approval: This study is a qualitative research article based on the systematic examination and analysis of published official monographs from the early Republican period (The Sanitary and Social Geography of Turkey series) together with relevant secondary historical literature. The research did not involve human participants or animals, nor did it include questionnaires, interviews, observational studies, or clinical interventions. Accordingly, ethics committee approval was not required. All primary sources examined are publicly available and accessible through library and archival collections. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References:	Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Oct;15(4):564-94. (PMID: 12364370) Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2008;32(4):351-9. (PMID: 19156611)
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Infectious diseases; Malaria; Public health; Swamp reclamation; The Sanitary and Social Geography of Turkey
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260902 Date Completed: 20260902 Latest Revision: 20260908
Update Code:	20260909
PubMed Central ID:	PMC13536688
DOI:	10.1186/s13010-026-00230-5
PMID:	42681643
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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ISSN:	1747-5341
DOI:	10.1186/s13010-026-00230-5