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Valorization of shell waste as a nature-based soil amendment for stabilization of heavy metals in agricultural soils: Toward safe agricultural recultivation.

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Τίτλος: Valorization of shell waste as a nature-based soil amendment for stabilization of heavy metals in agricultural soils: Toward safe agricultural recultivation.
Συγγραφείς: Park SH; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea., Park SH; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea., Hyun S; Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea., An J; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea., Moon DH; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhmoon@chosun.ac.kr.
Πηγή: Environmental research [Environ Res] 2026 Oct 01; Vol. 307, pp. 125465. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 12.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0147621 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0953 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00139351 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: <2000- > : Amsterdam : Elsevier
Original Publication: New York, Academic Press.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Soil Pollutants*/chemistry , Soil Pollutants*/analysis , Agriculture*/methods , Metals, Heavy*/chemistry , Metals, Heavy*/analysis , Environmental Restoration and Remediation*/methods, Soil/chemistry ; Zinc/analysis ; Zinc/chemistry ; Lead/analysis ; Lead/chemistry ; Lactuca ; Recycling
Περίληψη: This study evaluated abalone and pen shell wastes as nature-based soil amendments for Pb- and Zn-contaminated agricultural soils. Natural and calcined shells were incorporated into contaminated soils and cured for four weeks, followed by metal leaching tests (0.1 M HCl), sequential extraction, and mechanistic analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Soil functional changes were assessed using a Soil Health Index (SHI), and a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate crop safety and agronomic feasibility under a stabilization-capping system using lettuce. Calcined shell amendments, rich in reactive CaO, reduced leachable Pb and Zn by more than 97% at 2 wt%. Sequential extraction showed that the mobile Pb fraction (F1+F2) decreased from 16.0% in untreated soil to approximately 4.6% after stabilization, accompanied by a shift toward more stable fractions. SEM-EDX analysis indicated the formation of low-solubility pozzolanic reaction products (e.g., C-S-H phases) in calcined-shell treatments, contributing to effective metal immobilization. SHI analysis revealed a trade-off, with stabilized soils exhibiting a 14-36% decline relative to pre-stabilization conditions due to elevated pH and salinity. However, under the stabilization-capping configuration, upward metal transport was effectively inhibited, resulting in non-detectable Pb levels in lettuce tissues and Zn concentrations within safe limits. Furthermore, this system successfully restored crop productivity, increasing lettuce fresh biomass by 60-94% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, this study demonstrates that recycling shell waste enables effective heavy metal stabilization, and that coupling stabilization with capping provides a realistic and practical framework for the safe agricultural use of amended soils.
(Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Fishery waste resources; Lettuce cultivation; Nature-based soil amendments; Soil health index; Stabilization
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Soil Pollutants)
0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Soil)
J41CSQ7QDS (Zinc)
2P299V784P (Lead)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260812 Date Completed: 20260912 Latest Revision: 20260912
Update Code: 20260913
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.125465
PMID: 42586294
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Valorization of shell waste as a nature-based soil amendment for stabilization of heavy metals in agricultural soils: Toward safe agricultural recultivation.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Park+SH%22&quot;&gt;Park SH&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Park+SH%22&quot;&gt;Park SH&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Hyun+S%22&quot;&gt;Hyun S&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22An+J%22&quot;&gt;An J&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Moon+DH%22&quot;&gt;Moon DH&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhmoon@chosun.ac.kr.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants%22&quot;&gt;Soil Pollutants*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants%22&quot;&gt;Soil Pollutants*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+Pollutants+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Agriculture%22&quot;&gt;Agriculture*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Agriculture+methods%22&quot;&gt;methods&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22&quot;&gt;Metals, Heavy*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22&quot;&gt;Metals, Heavy*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Metals%2C+Heavy+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Restoration+and+Remediation%22&quot;&gt;Environmental Restoration and Remediation*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Environmental+Restoration+and+Remediation+methods%22&quot;&gt;methods&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil%22&quot;&gt;Soil&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Soil+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Zinc%22&quot;&gt;Zinc&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Zinc+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Zinc%22&quot;&gt;Zinc&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Zinc+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Lead%22&quot;&gt;Lead&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Lead+analysis%22&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Lead%22&quot;&gt;Lead&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Lead+chemistry%22&quot;&gt;chemistry&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Lactuca%22&quot;&gt;Lactuca&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Recycling%22&quot;&gt;Recycling&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study evaluated abalone and pen shell wastes as nature-based soil amendments for Pb- and Zn-contaminated agricultural soils. Natural and calcined shells were incorporated into contaminated soils and cured for four weeks, followed by metal leaching tests (0.1&#160;M HCl), sequential extraction, and mechanistic analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Soil functional changes were assessed using a Soil Health Index (SHI), and a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate crop safety and agronomic feasibility under a stabilization-capping system using lettuce. Calcined shell amendments, rich in reactive CaO, reduced leachable Pb and Zn by more than 97% at 2&#160;wt%. Sequential extraction showed that the mobile Pb fraction (F1+F2) decreased from 16.0% in untreated soil to approximately 4.6% after stabilization, accompanied by a shift toward more stable fractions. SEM-EDX analysis indicated the formation of low-solubility pozzolanic reaction products (e.g., C-S-H phases) in calcined-shell treatments, contributing to effective metal immobilization. SHI analysis revealed a trade-off, with stabilized soils exhibiting a 14-36% decline relative to pre-stabilization conditions due to elevated pH and salinity. However, under the stabilization-capping configuration, upward metal transport was effectively inhibited, resulting in non-detectable Pb levels in lettuce tissues and Zn concentrations within safe limits. Furthermore, this system successfully restored crop productivity, increasing lettuce fresh biomass by 60-94% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, this study demonstrates that recycling shell waste enables effective heavy metal stabilization, and that coupling stabilization with capping provides a realistic and practical framework for the safe agricultural use of amended soils.&lt;br /&gt; (Copyright &#169; 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Fishery waste resources; Lettuce cultivation; Nature-based soil amendments; Soil health index; Stabilization
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        Value: 10.1016/j.envres.2026.125465
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        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        StartPage: 125465
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Soil chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Zinc analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Zinc chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lead analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lead chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lactuca
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      – SubjectFull: Recycling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil Pollutants chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil Pollutants analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy chemistry
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      – SubjectFull: Environmental Restoration and Remediation methods
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      – TitleFull: Valorization of shell waste as a nature-based soil amendment for stabilization of heavy metals in agricultural soils: Toward safe agricultural recultivation.
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              Text: 2026 Oct 01
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