Academic Journal
Enhancing the extraction of phenolic compounds from biofortified apple peel by-products: ultrasound-assisted recovery, bioaccessibility, and in vitro bioactivity.
| Title: | Enhancing the extraction of phenolic compounds from biofortified apple peel by-products: ultrasound-assisted recovery, bioaccessibility, and in vitro bioactivity. |
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| Authors: | Villamil-Galindo E; Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos - Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Fundación Universitaria Agraria de Colombia, Programa de Ingeniería de Alimentos, Calle 170 54ª-10, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia., Piagentini A; Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos - Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina., Gastelúm-Estrada A; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico., Chuck-Hernandez C; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico., Antunes-Ricardo M; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico., Reza-Zaldivar EE; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Guadalajara, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Mexico., Guerrero-Analco JA; Red de estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, 91073 Veracruz, Mexico., Monribot-Villanueva JL; Red de estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, 91073 Veracruz, Mexico., Jacobo-Velázquez DA; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico. Electronic address: djacobov@tec.mx. |
| Source: | Food chemistry [Food Chem] 2026 Oct 01; Vol. 525 (Pt 4), pp. 150718. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 07. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Evaluation Study |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7702639 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7072 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03088146 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Food Chem Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Barking : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Original Publication: Barking, Eng., Applied Science Publishers. |
| MeSH Terms: | Malus*/chemistry , Phenols*/isolation & purification , Phenols*/chemistry , Phenols*/pharmacology , Plant Extracts*/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts*/chemistry , Plant Extracts*/pharmacology , Waste Products*/analysis , Chemical Fractionation*/methods , Chemical Fractionation*/instrumentation , Food, Fortified*/analysis , Ultrasonics*/methods, Fruit/chemistry ; Antioxidants/isolation & purification ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Antioxidants/chemistry ; Humans ; Caco-2 Cells ; Biological Availability ; Digestion |
| Abstract: | This study modeled and optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from 'Granny Smith' apple peel (RM) and biofortified peel subjected to controlled abiotic stresses (RM-E). A Box-Behnken design evaluated the effects of extraction ratio, ethanol concentration, and ultrasound power on total phenolic compounds (TPC), while extraction kinetics were described using the Peleg model. Optimal conditions were 1:36 w/v, 76% ethanol, and 52% ultrasound power, yielding extracts with 20-23 g kg-1 TPC and a profile dominated by flavonols and flavan-3-ols. After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the biofortified UAE extract (USRM-E) showed 39.8% TPC bioaccessibility. Its intestinal fraction exhibited antiproliferative effects against HT-29 and Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells and showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic responses in vitro. Overall, combining abiotic stress-induced biofortification with UAE improved phenolic recovery and bioaccessibility, supporting apple peel by-products as sustainable sources of bioactive ingredients for functional food applications through green extraction technologies and valorization strategies. (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Circular economy; Flavonols; Fruit waste; Kinetic modelling; Secondary metabolites |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Phenols) 0 (Plant Extracts) 0 (Waste Products) 0 (Antioxidants) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260811 Date Completed: 20260909 Latest Revision: 20260909 |
| Update Code: | 20260909 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.150718 |
| PMID: | 42580062 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1873-7072 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.150718 |