Academic Journal
Observable signs of concussion in professional slap fighting using established video review protocols for professional sports: frequency, predictors, and implications for public concussion recognition awareness.
| Τίτλος: | Observable signs of concussion in professional slap fighting using established video review protocols for professional sports: frequency, predictors, and implications for public concussion recognition awareness. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Stewart CJ; Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America., Philipson EB; Elson S. College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States of America., Caspell JR; Health Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada.; Emergency Medical Services, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada., Gorman K; Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada., Marshall RA; Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America., Lifshitz J; Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.; Veteran Administration Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America. |
| Πηγή: | PeerJ [PeerJ] 2026 Aug 05; Vol. 14, pp. e21623. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 05 (Print Publication: 2026). |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Observational Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: PeerJ Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101603425 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2167-8359 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21678359 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PeerJ Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Corte Madera, CA : PeerJ Inc. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Brain Concussion*/diagnosis , Brain Concussion*/etiology , Sports*/standards , Athletic Injuries*/diagnosis , Clinical Protocols*/standards , Symptom Assessment*/methods , Symptom Assessment*/standards, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Video Recording |
| Περίληψη: | Introduction: Concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) with potential short- and long-term neurological consequences. Recognition of objective concussion signs remains limited. In slap fighting, a combat event involving the exchange of defenseless head contact, concussion signs are visible. The study objective was to examine the frequency of observable signs of concussion among professional slap fighters based on established video review protocols and determine whether participant characteristics predict concussion signs. Methods: Three independent reviewers evaluated publicly available video of professional slap fighting events (Power Slap™; 2023-2024) against the National Football League Concussion Protocol, the World Rugby Head Injury Assessment, and International Consensus Guidelines for observable signs of concussion. Signs were recorded for each strike and aggregated across rounds, matches, events, and combatants. Mixed effects logistic regression evaluated associations among pre-slap characteristics and the likelihood of observing a sign of concussion following a strike. Results: Combatants (60 male, three female) competed across 62 matches in six Power Slap™ events. Of the 61 combatants who received a strike, 46 exhibited at least one sign of concussion. Overall, 29% (82/280) of strikes resulted in at least one observable sign of concussion, with lower, identical results across protocol guidelines (24%; 66/280). Signs of concussion were observed in 90% (56/62) of matches. Motor incoordination (23%; 64/280), blank/vacant look (15%; 41/280), and slow to get up (14%; 40/280) were the most frequently observed signs. Conclusion: Observable signs of concussion from professional slap fighting occurred in one-third of strikes and the majority of matches. (©2026 Stewart et al.) |
| Competing Interests: | The authors declare there are no competing interests. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Concussion; Power slap; Signs of concussion; Slap fighting; Traumatic brain injury |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260809 Date Completed: 20260810 Latest Revision: 20260813 |
| Update Code: | 20260814 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13452423 |
| DOI: | 10.7717/peerj.21623 |
| PMID: | 42571483 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 2167-8359 |
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| DOI: | 10.7717/peerj.21623 |