Academic Journal
Determination of Gender from Human Cranial Measurements Using Computed Tomography Scans.
| Τίτλος: | Determination of Gender from Human Cranial Measurements Using Computed Tomography Scans. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Akram NA; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan., Hassan Q |
| Πηγή: | Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP [J Coll Physicians Surg Pak] 2026 Aug; Vol. 36 (8), pp. 969-976. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan Country of Publication: Pakistan NLM ID: 9606447 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1681-7168 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1022386X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Karachi : College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Tomography, X-Ray Computed*/methods , Skull*/diagnostic imaging , Skull*/anatomy & histology , Sex Determination by Skeleton*/methods , Cephalometry*/methods, Humans ; Male ; Female ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adult ; Pakistan ; Middle Aged ; ROC Curve |
| Περίληψη: | Objective: To determine gender using cranial measurements from CT scans and to evaluate their predictive accuracy for gender classification. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan, from July to December 2025. Methodology: A total of 280 CT scans of adult male and female were used for fourteen cranial measurements, including foramen magnum length (sagittal diameter; FML) and foramen magnum breadth (transverse diameter; FMB), right and left frontal sinus height (RTFSH, LTFSH), right and left frontal sinus breadth (RTFSB, LTFSB), right and left frontal sinus depth (RTFSD, LTFSD), frontal bone inclination angle (FI), maximum cranial length (MCL) and maximum cranial breadth (MCB), interorbital breadth (IOB), lateral wall interorbital breadth (LWIOB), and bizygomatic breadth (BZB). Right and left frontal sinus index (RTFSI, LTFSI) and cephalic index (CI) were calculated. SPSS version 27 was used to calculate mean ± SD, compare means (independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test), and estimate gender prediction accuracies using binary logistic regression (BLR), decision tree (DT), and ROC curve analyses. Results: MCL, MCB, RTFSB, LTFSB, RTFSD, LTFSD, FI, FML, FMB, LWIOB, BZB, and LTFSI showed significant gender differences. MCL, MCB, FML, LWIOB, BZB, and FI were the significant gender predictors in the BLR model. ROC curve analysis with male gender as the state variable showed an AUC >0.5 for 13 measurements, except for FI. BZB was the most important classifier in DT analysis, followed by MCL. Assuming male gender as the positive class, the BLR model showed higher specificity (0.814 > 0.714) but lower sensitivity (0.764 <0.835) than the DT model. Conclusion: All the cranial measurements showed significant gender differentiation except IOB, RTFSH, and LTFSH. BLR and DT models both can be employed for gender prediction. Key Words: Craniometry, Gender determination, CT images, Binary logistic regression, Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, Decision tree. |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260807 Date Completed: 20260807 Latest Revision: 20260807 |
| Update Code: | 20260807 |
| DOI: | 10.29271/jcpsp.2026.08.969 |
| PMID: | 42563329 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1681-7168 |
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| DOI: | 10.29271/jcpsp.2026.08.969 |