Academic Journal

Bullying Victimisation and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Peer and Family Social Support.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Bullying Victimisation and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Peer and Family Social Support.
Authors: Shannon C; IMPACT Research Centre, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK., Higgins K; Queen's University Belfast, School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Belfast, UK., Kelly G; Queen's University Belfast, School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Belfast, UK., Mulholland C; IMPACT Research Centre, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK.; Queen's University Belfast, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK., Korimbocus B; IMPACT Research Centre, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK.; Queen's University Belfast, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK., Jordan JA; IMPACT Research Centre, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK.
Source: Early intervention in psychiatry [Early Interv Psychiatry] 2026 Aug; Vol. 20 (8), pp. e70225.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: Australia NLM ID: 101320027 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1751-7893 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17517885 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Early Interv Psychiatry Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Carlton,VIC, Australia : Wiley-Blackwell
MeSH Terms: Bullying*/psychology , Crime Victims*/psychology , Psychotic Disorders*/psychology , Psychotic Disorders*/etiology , Depression*/psychology , Marijuana Abuse*/psychology , Peer Group* , Social Support*, Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; Male ; Female ; Young Adult ; Family Support ; Prospective Studies ; Longitudinal Studies
Abstract: Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences have been consistently linked to a range of mental health related difficulties in adulthood. One such experience is bullying, which has been shown to predict psychotic symptoms. This study aimed to explore whether bullying victimisation in early adolescence is associated with certain mental health outcomes (psychosis, depression and cannabis abuse) and whether this is mediated by the individuals' perception of social support from peers and family.
Methods: This study performed secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study, the Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS). It used longitudinal data from 2087 participants from ages 12-21 years and performed path analysis (using Mplus V8) between bullying and the above mental health outcomes and mediators.
Results: The results showed a direct path from bullying to psychotic symptoms (estimate = 0.10; SE = 0.0; p = 0.030) as well as an indirect path mediated by peer attachment, parental attachment and depression symptoms (estimate = 0.01; bootstrapped 95% CIs 0.01, 0.02).
Conclusion: Being bullied in childhood is directly associated with a greater risk of having psychotic symptoms as an adult. There is also an indirect path from bullying in childhood to psychosis symptoms as an adult mediated by peer attachment, parental attachment, and depression. Interventions should be aimed at addressing bullying and strengthening social support from peers and family.
(© 2026 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
References: Allen, J. P., and D. Land. 1999. “Attachment in Adolescence.” In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications, J. Cassidy and P. R. S. Haver, 319–335. The Guildford Press.
Armsden, G. C., and M. T. Greenberg. 1987. “The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual Differences and Their Relationship to Psychological Well‐Being in Adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 16, no. 5: 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939.
Bebbington, P., and T. Nayani. 1995. “The Psychosis Screening Questionnaire.” International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 5, no. 1: 11–19.
Brumariu, L. E., K. A. Kerns, and A. Seibert. 2012. “Mother–Child Attachment, Emotion Regulation, and Anxiety Symptoms in Middle Childhood.” Personal Relationships 19, no. 3: 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475‐6811.2011.01379.x.
Brunstein Klomek, A., A. Snir, A. Apter, et al. 2016. “Association Between Victimization by Bullying and Direct Self Injurious Behavior Among Adolescence in Europe: A Ten‐Country Study.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 25, no. 11: 1183–1193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787‐016‐0840‐7.
Croft, J., J. Heron, C. Teufel, et al. 2019. “Association of Trauma Type, Age of Exposure, and Frequency in Childhood and Adolescence With Psychotic Experiences in Early Adulthood.” JAMA Psychiatry 76, no. 1: 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3155.
Cunningham, T., K. Hoy, and C. Shannon. 2016. “Does Childhood Bullying Lead to the Development of Psychotic Symptoms? A Meta‐Analysis and Review of Prospective Studies.” Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches 8, no. 1: 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2015.1053969.
Di Forti, M., A. Marconi, E. Carra, et al. 2015. “Proportion of Patients in South London With First‐Episode Psychosis Attributable to Use of High Potency Cannabis: A Case‐Control Study.” Lancet Psychiatry 2, no. 3: 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215‐0366(14)00117‐5.
Dragt, S., D. H. Nieman, F. Schultze‐Lutter, et al. 2012. “Cannabis Use and Age at Onset of Symptoms in Subjects at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 125, no. 1: 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600‐0447.2011.01763.x.
Evans, E. A., S. L. Goff, D. M. Upchurch, and C. E. Grella. 2020. “Childhood Adversity and Mental Health Comorbidity in Men and Women With Opioid Use Disorders.” Addictive Behaviors 102: 106149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106149.
Fisher, H. L., A. Schreier, S. Zammit, et al. 2012. “Pathways Between Childhood Victimization and Psychosis‐Like Symptoms in the ALSPAC Birth Cohort.” Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, no. 5: 1045–1055. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs088_.
Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., B. Lucas‐Molina, A. Pérez‐Albéniz, F. Inchausti, and J. Ortuño‐Sierra. 2020. “Psychotic‐Like Experiences and Cannabis Use in Adolescents From the General Population.” Adicciones 32, no. 1: 41–51. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1149.
Gaffney, H., D. P. Farrington, and M. M. Ttofi. 2019. “Examining the Effectiveness of School‐Bullying Intervention Programs Globally: A Meta‐Analysis.” International Journal of Bullying Prevention 1, no. 1: 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380‐019‐0007‐4.
Garety, P. A., E. Kuipers, D. Fowler, D. Freeman, and P. E. Bebbington. 2001. “A Cognitive Model of the Positive Symptoms of Psychosis.” Psychological Medicine 31, no. 2: 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003312.
Gibson, L. E., L. B. Alloy, and L. M. Ellman. 2016. “Trauma and the Psychosis Spectrum: A Review of Symptom Specificity and Explanatory Mechanisms.” Clinical Psychology Review 49: 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003.
Goodman, R. 1997. “The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38, no. 5: 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469‐7610.1997.tb01545.x.
Gregory, M., K. D. Lee, and R. Sharman. 2020. “A Review of Attachment‐Based Parenting Interventions: Recent Advances and Future Considerations.” Australian Journal of Psychology 72, no. 2: 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12270.
Hartley, S., C. Barrowclough, and G. Haddock. 2013. “Anxiety and Depression in Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Associations With Positive Psychotic Symptoms.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 128, no. 5: 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12080.
Hayes, A. F. 2017. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression‐Based Approach. Guilford Publications. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6uk7DwAAQBAJ.
Higgins, K., A. McLaughlin, O. Perra, et al. 2018. “The Belfast Youth Development Study (BYDS): A Prospective Cohort Study of the Initiation, Persistence and Desistance of Substance Use From Adolescence to Adulthood in Northern Ireland.” PLoS One 13: e0195192. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195192.
Hodges, E. V., and D. G. Perry. 1999. “Personal and Interpersonal Antecedents and Consequences of Victimization by Peers.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, no. 4: 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022‐3514.76.4.677.
Hodges, E. V., M. J. Malone, and D. G. Perry. 1997. “Individual Risk and Social Risk as Interacting Determinants of Victimization in the Peer Group.” Developmental Psychology 33, no. 6: 1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012‐1649.33.6.1032.
Inyang, B., F. J. Gondal, G. A. Abah, et al. 2022. “The Role of Childhood Trauma in Psychosis and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.” Cureus 14, no. 1: e21466. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21466.
Kraan, T., E. Velthorst, L. Koenders, et al. 2016. “Cannabis Use and Transition to Psychosis in Individuals at Ultra‐High Risk: Review and Meta‐Analysis.” Psychological Medicine 46, no. 4: 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002329.
Kroenke, K., R. L. Spitzer, and J. B. Williams. 2001. “The PHQ‐9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 16, no. 9: 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525‐1497.2001.016009606.x.
Laible, D. 2007. “Attachment With Parents and Peers in Late Adolescence: Links With Emotional Competence and Social Behavior.” Personality and Individual Differences 43, no. 5: 1185–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.010.
Large, M., S. Sharma, M. T. Compton, T. Slade, and O. Nielssen. 2011. “Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis: A Systematic Meta‐Analysis.” Archives of General Psychiatry 68, no. 6: 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5.
Legleye, S., L. Karila, F. B. Villejuif, and M. Reynaud. 2007. “Validation of the CAST, a General Population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test.” Journal of Substance Use 12, no. 4: 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890701476532.
Lereya, S. T., W. E. Copeland, E. J. Costello, and D. Wolke. 2015. “Adult Mental Health Consequences of Peer Bullying and Maltreatment in Childhood: Two Cohorts in Two Countries.” Lancet Psychiatry 2, no. 6: 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215‐0366(15)00165‐0.
MacKinnon, D. P. 2008. Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McElhaney, K. B., A. Immele, F. D. Smith, and J. P. Allen. 2006. “Attachment Organization as a Moderator of the Link Between Friendship Quality and Adolescent Delinquency.” Attachment & Human Development 8, no. 1: 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730600585250.
Meeus, W. 1989. “Parental and Peer Support in Adolescence.” In The Social World of Adolescents: International Perspectives, 167–183. Walter De Gruyter.
Moore, S. E., R. E. Norman, S. Suetani, H. J. Thomas, P. D. Sly, and J. G. Scott. 2017. “Consequences of Bullying Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis.” World Journal of Psychiatry 7, no. 1: 60–76. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60.
Muthén, L. K., and B. O. Muthén. 1998–2010. Mplus User's Guide. 6th ed. Muthén & Muthén.
Nickerson, A. B., and R. J. Nagle. 2005. “Parent and Peer Attachment in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence.” Journal of Early Adolescence 25, no. 2: 223–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431604274174.
Oldfield, J., N. Humphrey, and J. Hebron. 2016. “The Role of Parental and Peer Attachment Relationships and School Connectedness in Predicting Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes.” Child and Adolescent Mental Health 21, no. 1: 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12108.
Rodrigues, G. A., C. A. Obeldobel, L. B. Kochendorfer, L. E. Brumariu, D. S. Fareri, and K. A. Kerns. 2024. “Parent‐Child Attachment Security and Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence: The Mediating Roles of Gratitude and Forgiveness.” Child Psychiatry and Human Development 55, no. 1: 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578‐022‐01394‐9.
Schilling, E. A., R. H. Aseltine Jr., and S. Gore. 2007. “Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health in Young Adults: A Longitudinal Survey.” BMC Public Health 7: 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471‐2458‐7‐30.
Schreier, A., D. Wolke, K. Thomas, et al. 2009. “Prospective Study of Peer Victimization in Childhood and Psychotic Symptoms in a Nonclinical Population at Age 12 Years.” Archives of General Psychiatry 66, no. 5: 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.2.
Sheinbaum, T., A. Racioppi, T. R. Kwapil, and N. Barrantes‐Vidal. 2020. “Attachment as a Mechanism Between Childhood Maltreatment and Subclinical Psychotic Phenomena: Results From an Eight‐Year Follow‐Up Study.” Schizophrenia Research 220: 261–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.023.
Sitko, K., R. P. Bentall, M. Shevlin, N. O'Sullivan, and W. Sellwood. 2014. “Associations Between Specific Psychotic Symptoms and Specific Childhood Adversities Are Mediated by Attachment Styles: An Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey.” Psychiatry Research 217, no. 3: 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.019.
Stanton, K. J., B. Denietolis, B. J. Goodwin, and Y. Dvir. 2020. “Childhood Trauma and Psychosis: An Updated Review.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29, no. 1: 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2019.08.004.
Varese, F., F. Smeets, M. Drukker, et al. 2012. “Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta‐Analysis of Patient‐Control, Prospective‐ and Cross‐Sectional Cohort Studies.” Schizophrenia Bulletin 38, no. 4: 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs050.
Wolke, D., S. T. Lereya, H. L. Fisher, G. Lewis, and S. Zammit. 2014. “Bullying in Elementary School and Psychotic Experiences at 18 Years: A Longitudinal, Population‐Based Cohort Study.” Psychological Medicine 44, no. 10: 2199–2211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002912.
Yin, X.‐Q., L.‐H. Wang, G.‐D. Zhang, et al. 2017. “The Promotive Effects of Peer Support and Active Coping on the Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Depression Among Chinese Boarding Students.” Psychiatry Research 256: 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.037.
Yung, A. R., L. J. Phillips, H. P. Yuen, et al. 2003. “Psychosis Prediction: 12‐Month Follow Up of a High‐Risk (Prodromal) Group.” Schizophrenia Research 60, no. 1: 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920‐9964(02)00167‐6.
Yung, A. R., L. J. Phillips, H. P. Yuen, and P. D. McGorry. 2004. “Risk Factors for Psychosis in an Ultra High‐Risk Group: Psychopathology and Clinical Features.” Schizophrenia Research 67, no. 2: 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920‐9964(03)00192‐0.
Grant Information: Northern Health and Social Care Trust
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: bullying; cannabis abuse; depression; psychosis; social support
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260731 Date Completed: 20260731 Latest Revision: 20260803
Update Code: 20260803
PubMed Central ID: PMC13428009
DOI: 10.1111/eip.70225
PMID: 42538517
Database: MEDLINE
Description
ISSN:1751-7893
DOI:10.1111/eip.70225