MFC-based biosensors for BOD monitoring: a structured review of recent advances and challenges.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	MFC-based biosensors for BOD monitoring: a structured review of recent advances and challenges.
Συγγραφείς:	Sirajudeen AAO; Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. sirajudeen@uniten.edu.my.; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, 110001, Nigeria. sirajudeen@uniten.edu.my., Pallewatta S; Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia., Mohamad Annuar MS; Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. suffian_annuar@um.edu.my., Ibrahim S; Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.; Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Πηγή:	Environmental monitoring and assessment [Environ Monit Assess] 2026 Jul 30; Vol. 198 (8). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 30.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8508350 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2959 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01676369 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Monit Assess Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: 1998- : Dordrecht : Springer Original Publication: Dordrecht, Holland ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co., c1981-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Environmental Monitoring/methods , Biosensing Techniques , Bioelectric Energy Sources* , Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis*, Wastewater/chemistry ; Wastewater/analysis ; Waste Disposal, Fluid
Περίληψη:	Rapid and reliable wastewater monitoring has become a global necessity as water pollution, urbanization, and industrial expansion continue to strain freshwater resources worldwide. Conventional biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests require five days, making them unsuitable for real-time decision-making in treatment plants. Microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensors are increasingly explored as rapid, in situ alternatives to the BOD test, yet their sensitivity, response time, linear range, and robustness in real wastewater remain major challenges. This structured review synthesized peer-reviewed primary studies from 2020 to 2025, identified through structured searches of Scopus and Web of Science, using predefined eligibility criteria confined to MFC-based BOD sensing. Reported operating windows span low-level effluents (e.g., 5-100 mg L⁻1) to high-strength wastewaters (up to ~800 mg L⁻1), with limits of detection as low as ~3 mg L⁻1 depending on inoculum source; response times range from minutes in micro-MFCs to hours in bench-scale systems. Accuracy is strongly conditioned by the combined effects of temperature, pH, external resistance, cathode chemistry, inoculum/biofilm state, and substrate composition, which modulate electron-recovery efficiency relative to true BOD. Notably, several studies validate performance in municipal and industrial wastewater, while long-term operation (≥800 days) has been demonstrated under stable calibration in single-chamber formats. Collectively, this review clarifies the design-performance trade-offs and operational determinants of accuracy. (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
Competing Interests:	Declarations. Ethics approval: All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: BOD; Electrochemical biosensor; Environmental monitoring; MFC biosensor; Microbial fuel cell; Wastewater
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Wastewater)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260730 Date Completed: 20260730 Latest Revision: 20260730
Update Code:	20260730
DOI:	10.1007/s10661-026-15717-z
PMID:	42530664
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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ISSN:	1573-2959
DOI:	10.1007/s10661-026-15717-z