Academic Journal
Nanoparticles for antiviral nucleotide analogs: approaches and analytical challenges.
| Τίτλος: | Nanoparticles for antiviral nucleotide analogs: approaches and analytical challenges. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Clifford SM; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand., Edwards MJ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand., Krittaphol W; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand., Walker GF; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand., Harris LD; The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand., Ward VK; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. |
| Πηγή: | Journal of virology [J Virol] 2026 Aug 18; Vol. 100 (8), pp. e0175825. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 30. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Review |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: American Society For Microbiology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0113724 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1098-5514 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0022538X NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Virol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology Original Publication: Baltimore, American Society for Microbiology. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Antiviral Agents*/chemistry , Antiviral Agents*/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents*/pharmacology , Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Nucleotides*/chemistry , Nucleotides*/pharmacology , Drug Delivery Systems*/methods, Prodrugs/chemistry ; Humans ; Animals ; Phosphorylation |
| Περίληψη: | Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are an impactful class of antivirals, yet their efficacy is often limited by inefficient intracellular accumulation and enzymatic activation. Many analogs are administered as nucleoside prodrugs, dependent on host or viral kinases for sequential phosphorylation, with the first monophosphate-forming step widely considered rate-limiting. Medicinal chemistry strategies such as utilizing masked-phosphate prodrugs may improve uptake and activation, but require alternative metabolic processing to generate the active triphosphate. Nanoparticle delivery provides an alternative or complementary approach by directly encapsulating phosphorylated nucleotide analogs. Nanoparticles made from materials including lipids, polymers, dendrimers, or polysaccharides can protect phosphorylated drugs from degradation, improve cellular uptake, and enable controlled or tissue-specific release. This review provides a brief context and overview of recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated delivery of phosphorylated antiviral nucleotides, drawing on parallels from oncology, and evaluates the technological advances and limitations influencing their continued development as antiviral carriers. |
| Competing Interests: | The authors declare no conflict of interest. |
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| Grant Information: | UOOX1904 Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment Endeavour Programme Fund; UOO2506 Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment Endeavour Programme Fund |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: antiviral agents; drug delivery; nanoparticles; nucleotide analogs |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Antiviral Agents) 0 (Nucleotides) 0 (Prodrugs) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260730 Date Completed: 20260818 Latest Revision: 20260820 |
| Update Code: | 20260820 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13483435 |
| DOI: | 10.1128/jvi.01758-25 |
| PMID: | 42530310 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1098-5514 |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.1128/jvi.01758-25 |