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Theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of a light-field detector for x-ray differential phase contrast imaging.

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Title: Theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of a light-field detector for x-ray differential phase contrast imaging.
Authors: Tan Y; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China., Zhu J; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China., Zhang X; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China., Zheng H; Paul C Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China., Liang D; Paul C Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China., Ge Y; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; Paul C Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Source: Medical physics [Med Phys] 2026 Aug; Vol. 53 (8), pp. e70601.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0425746 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2473-4209 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00942405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Med Phys Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2017- : Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Original Publication: Lancaster, Pa., Published for the American Assn. of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics.
MeSH Terms: Light* , Models, Theoretical* , Computer Simulation*, Oxides ; Titanium ; X-Rays ; Color ; Calcium Compounds
Abstract: Background: Most recently, a novel color-encoding light-field detector based on perovskite material has been demonstrated for x-ray differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging. However, it lacks performance evaluation and comparison between such a novel light-field detector and a widely used grating interferometer before applying it into medical imaging field.
Purpose: This study aims at evaluating and comparing the DPC imaging performance of the light-field detector and the grating interferometer.
Methods: In this work, a mathematical signal model was developed for the color-encoding perovskite light-field detector designed for x-ray DPC imaging. Specifically, the beam refraction angle was modeled based on the changes in the emitted color within the standard CIE1931 color space. Upon it, noise responses were derived. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare the sensitivity and signal variance of the perovskite light-field detector with those of a generic grating interferometer system. Additionally, impacts of the polychromatic x-ray beam and the Compton scattering were also investigated.
Results: It was found that the sensitivity of the perovskite light-field detector may surpass that of the grating interferometer if its color depth exceeds 30-bit (three 10-bit color channels). For perovskite light-field detectors, the signal noise increases as the detected refraction signal increases. In addition, polychromatic x-ray beam adds bias to the retrieved DPC signal, but has slight impact on the signal noise. Compton scattered x-ray photons could dramatically change the retrieved DPC signal.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the novel perovskite light-field detector may not be suitable for medical grade DPC imaging due to the inevitable Compton scatters. However, it might be a promising alternative to the grating interferometer in developing state-of-the-art scientific DPC imaging instruments for small sample ( INLINEMATH ), in which the impact of Compton scatters could be ignored.
(© 2026 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.)
References: Momose A. Recent advances in X‐ray phase imaging. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2005;44(9R):6355.
Bravin A, Coan P, Suortti P. X‐ray phase‐contrast imaging: from pre‐clinical applications towards clinics. Phys Med Biol. 2012;58(1):R1.
Momose A, Takeda T, Itai Y, Hirano K. Phase–contrast X–ray computed tomography for observing biological soft tissues. Nat Med. 1996;2(4):473–475.
Pfeiffer F, Weitkamp T, Bunk O, David C. Phase retrieval and differential phase‐contrast imaging with low‐brilliance X‐ray sources. Nat Phys. 2006;2(4):258–261.
Mettler Jr FA, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology. 2008;248(1):254–263.
Weitkamp T, Diaz A, David C, et al. X‐ray phase imaging with a grating interferometer. Opt Express. 2005;13(16):6296–6304.
Yi L, Hou B, Zhao H, Liu X. X‐ray‐to‐visible light‐field detection through pixelated colour conversion. Nature. 2023;618(7964):281–286.
Stranks SD, Snaith HJ. Metal‐halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light‐emitting devices. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015;10(5):391–402.
Wu Z, Gao K, Chen J, et al. High sensitivity phase retrieval method in grating‐based x‐ray phase contrast imaging. Med Phys. 2015;42(2):741–749.
Modregger P, Pinzer B, Thüring T, Rutishauser S, David C, Stampanoni M. Sensitivity of X‐ray grating interferometry. Opt Express. 2011;19(19):18324–18338.
Vila‐Comamala J, Romano L, Jefimovs K, et al. High sensitivity x‐ray phase contrast imaging by laboratory grating‐based interferometry at high Talbot order geometry. Opt Express. 2021;29(2):2049–2064.
Ge Y, Chen J, Yang J, et al. Angular sensitivity of an x‐ray differential phase contrast imaging system with real and virtual source images. Opt Lett. 2021;46(11):2791–2794.
Gromann LB, Bequé D, Scherer K, et al. Low‐dose, phase‐contrast mammography with high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Biomed Opt Express. 2016;7(2):381–391.
Köhler T, Jürgen Engel K, Roessl E. Noise properties of grating‐based x‐ray phase contrast computed tomography. Med Phys. 2011;38(S1):S106–S116.
Fairman HS, Brill MH, Hemmendinger H. How the CIE 1931 color‐matching functions were derived from Wright‐Guild data. Color Res Appl. 1997;22(1):11–23.
Erdem T, Demir HV. Color Science and Photometry for Lighting with LEDs and Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Springer; 2019.
Donath T, Chabior M, Pfeiffer F, et al. Inverse geometry for grating‐based x‐ray phase‐contrast imaging. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2009;106(5): 054703.
Hartung J, Knapp G, Sinha BK. Statistical Meta‐Analysis With Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
Lee CH, Cook S, Lee JS, Han B. Comparison of two meta‐analysis methods: inverse‐variance‐weighted average and weighted sum of Z‐scores. Genomics & informatics. 2016;14(4):173.
Kelly G. Understand color science to maximize success with LEDs‐Part 2. LEDs Magazine. 2012;9(7):50–52.
Chen GH, Zambelli J, Li K, Bevins N, Qi Z. Scaling law for noise variance and spatial resolution in differential phase contrast computed tomography. Med Phys. 2011;38(2):584–588.
Stampanoni M, Wang Z, Thüring T, et al. The first analysis and clinical evaluation of native breast tissue using differential phase‐contrast mammography. Invest Radiol. 2011;46(12):801–806.
Patel T, Klanian K, Gong Z, Williams MB. Detective quantum efficiency of a CsI‐CMOS x‐ray detector for breast tomosynthesis operating in high dynamic range and high sensitivity modes. Breast Imag. 2012;7361:80‐87.
Poludniowski G, Landry G, Deblois F, Evans PM, Verhaegen F. SpekCalc: a program to calculate photon spectra from tungsten anode x‐ray tubes. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(19):433–438.
Thuering T, Barber W, Seo Y, Alhassen F, Iwanczyk J, Stampanoni M. Energy resolved x‐ray grating interferometry. Appl Phys Lett. 2013;102(19): 191113.
Vedantham S, Shi L, Karellas A. Large‐angle x‐ray scatter in Talbot–Lau interferometry for breast imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(21):6387–6400.
Willner M, Herzen J, Grandl S, et al. Quantitative breast tissue characterization using grating‐based x‐ray phase‐contrast imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(7):1557–1571.
Grant Information: JCYJ20240813154930040 Shenzhen Science and Technology Program; JSGGKQTD20210831174329010 Shenzhen Science and Technology Program; KJZD20240903103201003 Shenzhen Science and Technology Program; 2024YFF0507800 National Key Research and Development Program of China; 2024YFF0507804 National Key Research and Development Program of China; 62422123 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 12505357 National Natural Science Foundation of China; U23A20284 National Natural Science Foundation of China
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: grating interferometer; perovskite light‐field detector; x‐ray differential phase contrast imaging
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Oxides)
12194-71-7 (perovskite)
D1JT611TNE (Titanium)
0 (Calcium Compounds)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260729 Date Completed: 20260729 Latest Revision: 20260801
Update Code: 20260801
PubMed Central ID: PMC13420989
DOI: 10.1002/mp.70601
PMID: 42527366
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of a light-field detector for x-ray differential phase contrast imaging.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tan+Y%22">Tan Y</searchLink>; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhu+J%22">Zhu J</searchLink>; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+X%22">Zhang X</searchLink>; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zheng+H%22">Zheng H</searchLink>; Paul C Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liang+D%22">Liang D</searchLink>; Paul C Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ge+Y%22">Ge Y</searchLink>; Research Center for Advanced Detection Materials and Medical Imaging Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; Paul C Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.; National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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  Data: Background: Most recently, a novel color-encoding light-field detector based on perovskite material has been demonstrated for x-ray differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging. However, it lacks performance evaluation and comparison between such a novel light-field detector and a widely used grating interferometer before applying it into medical imaging field.<br />Purpose: This study aims at evaluating and comparing the DPC imaging performance of the light-field detector and the grating interferometer.<br />Methods: In this work, a mathematical signal model was developed for the color-encoding perovskite light-field detector designed for x-ray DPC imaging. Specifically, the beam refraction angle was modeled based on the changes in the emitted color within the standard CIE1931 color space. Upon it, noise responses were derived. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare the sensitivity and signal variance of the perovskite light-field detector with those of a generic grating interferometer system. Additionally, impacts of the polychromatic x-ray beam and the Compton scattering were also investigated.<br />Results: It was found that the sensitivity of the perovskite light-field detector may surpass that of the grating interferometer if its color depth exceeds 30-bit (three 10-bit color channels). For perovskite light-field detectors, the signal noise increases as the detected refraction signal increases. In addition, polychromatic x-ray beam adds bias to the retrieved DPC signal, but has slight impact on the signal noise. Compton scattered x-ray photons could dramatically change the retrieved DPC signal.<br />Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the novel perovskite light-field detector may not be suitable for medical grade DPC imaging due to the inevitable Compton scatters. However, it might be a promising alternative to the grating interferometer in developing state-of-the-art scientific DPC imaging instruments for small sample ( INLINEMATH ), in which the impact of Compton scatters could be ignored.<br /> (© 2026 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Momose A. Recent advances in X‐ray phase imaging. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2005;44(9R):6355.<br />Bravin A, Coan P, Suortti P. X‐ray phase‐contrast imaging: from pre‐clinical applications towards clinics. Phys Med Biol. 2012;58(1):R1.<br />Momose A, Takeda T, Itai Y, Hirano K. Phase–contrast X–ray computed tomography for observing biological soft tissues. Nat Med. 1996;2(4):473–475.<br />Pfeiffer F, Weitkamp T, Bunk O, David C. Phase retrieval and differential phase‐contrast imaging with low‐brilliance X‐ray sources. Nat Phys. 2006;2(4):258–261.<br />Mettler Jr FA, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog. Radiology. 2008;248(1):254–263.<br />Weitkamp T, Diaz A, David C, et al. X‐ray phase imaging with a grating interferometer. Opt Express. 2005;13(16):6296–6304.<br />Yi L, Hou B, Zhao H, Liu X. X‐ray‐to‐visible light‐field detection through pixelated colour conversion. Nature. 2023;618(7964):281–286.<br />Stranks SD, Snaith HJ. Metal‐halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light‐emitting devices. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015;10(5):391–402.<br />Wu Z, Gao K, Chen J, et al. High sensitivity phase retrieval method in grating‐based x‐ray phase contrast imaging. Med Phys. 2015;42(2):741–749.<br />Modregger P, Pinzer B, Thüring T, Rutishauser S, David C, Stampanoni M. Sensitivity of X‐ray grating interferometry. Opt Express. 2011;19(19):18324–18338.<br />Vila‐Comamala J, Romano L, Jefimovs K, et al. High sensitivity x‐ray phase contrast imaging by laboratory grating‐based interferometry at high Talbot order geometry. Opt Express. 2021;29(2):2049–2064.<br />Ge Y, Chen J, Yang J, et al. Angular sensitivity of an x‐ray differential phase contrast imaging system with real and virtual source images. Opt Lett. 2021;46(11):2791–2794.<br />Gromann LB, Bequé D, Scherer K, et al. Low‐dose, phase‐contrast mammography with high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Biomed Opt Express. 2016;7(2):381–391.<br />Köhler T, Jürgen Engel K, Roessl E. Noise properties of grating‐based x‐ray phase contrast computed tomography. Med Phys. 2011;38(S1):S106–S116.<br />Fairman HS, Brill MH, Hemmendinger H. How the CIE 1931 color‐matching functions were derived from Wright‐Guild data. Color Res Appl. 1997;22(1):11–23.<br />Erdem T, Demir HV. Color Science and Photometry for Lighting with LEDs and Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Springer; 2019.<br />Donath T, Chabior M, Pfeiffer F, et al. Inverse geometry for grating‐based x‐ray phase‐contrast imaging. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2009;106(5): 054703.<br />Hartung J, Knapp G, Sinha BK. Statistical Meta‐Analysis With Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.<br />Lee CH, Cook S, Lee JS, Han B. Comparison of two meta‐analysis methods: inverse‐variance‐weighted average and weighted sum of Z‐scores. Genomics & informatics. 2016;14(4):173.<br />Kelly G. Understand color science to maximize success with LEDs‐Part 2. LEDs Magazine. 2012;9(7):50–52.<br />Chen GH, Zambelli J, Li K, Bevins N, Qi Z. Scaling law for noise variance and spatial resolution in differential phase contrast computed tomography. Med Phys. 2011;38(2):584–588.<br />Stampanoni M, Wang Z, Thüring T, et al. The first analysis and clinical evaluation of native breast tissue using differential phase‐contrast mammography. Invest Radiol. 2011;46(12):801–806.<br />Patel T, Klanian K, Gong Z, Williams MB. Detective quantum efficiency of a CsI‐CMOS x‐ray detector for breast tomosynthesis operating in high dynamic range and high sensitivity modes. Breast Imag. 2012;7361:80‐87.<br />Poludniowski G, Landry G, Deblois F, Evans PM, Verhaegen F. SpekCalc: a program to calculate photon spectra from tungsten anode x‐ray tubes. Phys Med Biol. 2009;54(19):433–438.<br />Thuering T, Barber W, Seo Y, Alhassen F, Iwanczyk J, Stampanoni M. Energy resolved x‐ray grating interferometry. Appl Phys Lett. 2013;102(19): 191113.<br />Vedantham S, Shi L, Karellas A. Large‐angle x‐ray scatter in Talbot–Lau interferometry for breast imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(21):6387–6400.<br />Willner M, Herzen J, Grandl S, et al. Quantitative breast tissue characterization using grating‐based x‐ray phase‐contrast imaging. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(7):1557–1571.
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