Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
| Τίτλος: |
Eye Safety of Light-Emitting Diodes in Toys: The Results of Three Years of Market Surveillance. |
| Συγγραφείς: |
Attia D; Unité d'Evaluation des Risques des Agents Physiques, Département de l'Evaluation des Risques, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France., Enouf O; Pôle Photonique et Energétique, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 78190 Trappes, France., Behar-Cohen F; Physiopathologie des Maladies Oculaires, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S1138, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.; OphtalmoPôle, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France., Martinsons C; Direction Santé, Ambiances et Mobilité, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), 38400 Saint Martin d'Hères, France. |
| Πηγή: |
International journal of environmental research and public health [Int J Environ Res Public Health] 2026 Jul 06; Vol. 23 (7). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 06. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: |
Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: |
English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: |
Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): |
Original Publication: Basel : MDPI, c2004- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): |
Light*/adverse effects , Play and Playthings* , Consumer Product Safety*, France ; Humans ; Blue Light |
| Περίληψη: |
Between 2021 and 2023, the French market surveillance authority anonymously bought a sample of 50 toys containing a total of 103 individual LEDs from French retailers and had them tested by third-party laboratories accredited to perform tests in compliance with the international standard for electric toy safety IEC 62115, editions 2003 and 2017. Compliance with the harmonized EN IEC version of this standard is mandatory in the European Union under directive 2009/48/EC. The results revealed that 15 toys (30% of the tested toys) had at least one LED that did not comply with the eye safety requirements: 10 LEDs were non-compliant with respect to the retinal blue-light hazard, and 5 LEDs were non-compliant with respect to the retinal thermal hazard. A subsample of 10 toys with a total of 19 LEDs was assessed using the respective test methods corresponding to the 2003 and 2017 editions of the standard. The 2017 test method was found to be more permissive than the 2003 test method, a conclusion explained by the use of different risk assessment distances. |
| Grant Information: |
2022-SA-0193 Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail |
| Contributed Indexing: |
Keywords: LED; blue-light hazard; eye; glare; market surveillance; photobiological safety; retina; safety; thermal hazard; toy; toys; vision; visual health |
| Entry Date(s): |
Date Created: 20260728 Date Completed: 20260729 Latest Revision: 20260730 |
| Update Code: |
20260730 |
| PubMed Central ID: |
PMC13412091 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/ijerph23070880 |
| PMID: |
42512184 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: |
MEDLINE |