Psychological Self-Report Questionnaires Are Not Associated With Decrements in Physical Performance Following Special Operations Forces Unit Training.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Psychological Self-Report Questionnaires Are Not Associated With Decrements in Physical Performance Following Special Operations Forces Unit Training.
Συγγραφείς:	Ross JA; Sports Medicine Research Institute, Lexington, Kentucky., Rooks DL, Winters JD, Royer SD, Hoch MC, Bergin R, Morelli N, Conley C, Djafar TE, Sheppard R, Flaherty CW, Heebner NR
Πηγή:	Journal of strength and conditioning research [J Strength Cond Res] 2026 Aug 01; Vol. 40 (8), pp. e777-e783. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 20.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Human Kinetics Pub Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9415084 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4287 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10648011 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Strength Cond Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics Pub., c1993-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Military Personnel/psychology , Physical Conditioning, Human/psychology , Self Report* , Physical Functional Performance*, Humans ; Male ; Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult ; Depression ; Sleep Quality
Περίληψη:	Abstract: Rooks, MDL, Winters, JD, Royer, SD, Hoch, MC, Bergin, R, Morelli, N, Conley, C, Djafar, TE, Sheppard, LR, Flaherty, CW, and Heebner, NR. Psychological self-report questionnaires are not associated with decrements in physical performance in special operations forces unit training. J Strength Cond Res 40(8): e777-e783, 2026-Special Operations Forces (SOF) unit training may elicit nonfunctional overreaching (nFOR). Although psychological self-report (PSR) tools are commonly used to screen for nFOR, their utility in SOF settings remains unclear. This study aimed to assess performance decrements after deployment training and correlations with PSR questionnaires. Fifty-four male, active-duty SOF operators underwent performance and PSR assessments before and after an 8-month training phase. Performance measures included body fat, agility, vertical jump (VJ), anaerobic capacity, 30 yd sprint and a 10 yd split time, ball toss, isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), and aerobic capacity. Psychological self-report measures included depression, sleep quality, alertness, post-traumatic stress, and the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale. Spearman's rank correlations were calculated between changes in performance and PSR as well as changes in performance with post-training PSR. Alpha was p < 0.05 a priori. After unit training phase, subjects demonstrated poorer scores in body fat, agility, VJ, anaerobic capacity, 10 and 30 yd sprints; and improved IMTP and pain subscales for sleep, mood, and stress. Agility changes were correlated with changes in alertness and pain affecting mood and stress. Aerobic capacity changes were correlated with changes in alertness. When observing PSR at post-training, changes in agility were correlated with depression, changes in anaerobic capacity were correlated with overall pain, and changes in 30 and 10 yd sprints were correlated with sleep quality. No other significant correlations were observed. Coaches should be aware that SOF operator training could result in nFOR, but exercise caution using PSR as a screen. Future research should identify other screens sensitive to nFOR in SOF. (Copyright © 2026 National Strength and Conditioning Association.)
References:	Acosta J, Becker A, Cerully J, et al. Prevalence of mental health stigma in the military. In: Mental Health Stigma in the Military. Santa Monica, CA: Calif Rand Corporation, 2014. pp. 17–27. Angeltveit A, Paulsen G, Solberg PA, Raastad T. Validity, reliability, and performance determinants of a new job-specific anaerobic work capacity test for the Norwegian Navy Special Operations Command. J Strength Cond Res 30: 487–496, 2016. Atkinson G, Nevill AM. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med 26: 217–238, 1998. Baechle TR, Earle RW. Periodization. In: Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2008. pp. 583–604. Barringer N, Pasiakos S, McClung H, Crombie A, Margolis L. Prediction equation for estimating total daily energy requirements of special operations personnel. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 15: 15, 2018. Bartone PT, Roland RR, Picano JJ, Williams TJ. Psychological hardiness predicts success in US Army Special Forces candidates. Int J Sel Assess 16: 78–81, 2008. Bellinger P. Functional overreaching in endurance athletes: A necessity or cause for concern? Sports Med 50: 1059–1073, 2020. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 28: 193–213, 1989. Campbell PG, Stewart IB, Sirotic AC, Minett GM. The effect of overreaching on neuromuscular performance and wellness responses in Australian rules football athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34: 1530–1538, 2020. Carrard J, Rigort A-C, Appenzeller-Herzog C, et al. Diagnosing overtraining syndrome: A scoping review. Sports Health 14: 665–673, 2022. Cohen J. The t test for means. In: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York, NY: Academic Press, 2013. pp. 19–66. Dabonneville M, Berthon P, Vaslin P, Fellmann N. The 5 min running field test: Test and retest reliability on trained men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 88: 353–360, 2003. Fields JB, Lameira DM, Short JL, et al. Relationship between external load and self-reported wellness measures across a men’s collegiate soccer preseason. J Strength Cond Res 35: 1182–1186, 2021. Greene-Shortridge TM, Britt TW, Castro CA. The stigma of mental health problems in the military. Mil Med 172: 157–161, 2007. Halson SL, Jeukendrup AE. Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sports Med 34: 967–981, 2004. Jelmini JD, Ross J, Whitehurst LN, Heebner NR. The effect of extended shift work on autonomic function in occupational settings: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Occup Health 65: e12409, 2023. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16: 606–613, 2001. Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, et al. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord 114: 163–173, 2009. Kurtis MM, Balestrino R, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, Martinez-Martin P. A review of scales to evaluate sleep disturbances in movement disorders. Front Neurol 9: 369, 2018. Lathan C, Spira JL, Bleiberg J, Vice J, Tsao JW. Defense automated neurobehavioral assessment (DANA)—Psychometric properties of a new field-deployable neurocognitive assessment tool. Mil Med 178: 365–371, 2013. Lieberman HR, Farina EK, Caldwell J, et al. Cognitive function, stress hormones, heart rate and nutritional status during simulated captivity in military survival training. Physiol Behav 165: 86–97, 2016. McGraw KO, Wong SP. A common language effect size statistic. Psychol Bull 111: 361–365, 1992. Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, et al. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Eur J Sport Sci 13: 1–24, 2013. Mollayeva T, Thurairajah P, Burton K, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 25: 52–73, 2016. Newans T, Bellinger P, Drovandi C, Buxton S, Minahan C. The utility of mixed models in sport science: A call for further adoption in longitudinal data sets. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 17: 1289–1295, 2022. Nindl BC, Barnes BR, Alemany JA, et al. Physiological consequences of US Army Ranger training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 1380–1387, 2007. Nobari H, Akyildiz Z, Fani M, et al. Weekly wellness variations to identify non-functional overreaching syndrome in Turkish national youth wrestlers: A pilot study. Sustainability 13: 4667, 2021. Philipp NM, Cabarkapa D, Blackburn SD, Fry AC. Dose-response relationship for external workload and neuromuscular performance over a female, collegiate, basketball season. J Strength Cond Res 38: e253–e263, 2024. Polomano RC, Galloway KT, Kent ML, et al. Psychometric testing of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS): A new pain scale for military population. Pain Med 17: 1505–1519, 2016. Raglin J, Morgan W. Development of a scale for use in monitoring training-induced distress in athletes. Int J Sports Med 15: 84–88, 1994. Ross JA, Heebner NR. No pain, no gain: The military overtraining hypothesis of musculoskeletal stress and injury. Physiother Theory Pract 39: 2289–2299, 2023. Ross JA, Winters JD, Royer SD, et al. Comparisons and intercorrelations of physical performance variables of operational preparedness in special operations forces. Mil Med 188: e1109–e1116, 2023. Saw AE, Main LC, Gastin PB. Monitoring the athlete training response: Subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: A systematic review. Br J Sports Med 50: 281–291, 2016. Scofield DE, Kardouni JR. The tactical athlete: A product of 21st century strength and conditioning. Strength Cond J 37: 2–7, 2015. Taylor K, Chapman D, Cronin J, Newton MJ, Gill N. Fatigue monitoring in high performance sport: A survey of current trends. J Aust Strength Cond 20: 12–23, 2012. Vrijkotte S, Roelands B, Pattyn N, Meeusen R. The overtraining syndrome in soldiers: Insights from the sports domain. Mil Med 184: e192–e200, 2019. Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB. Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety 28: 596–606, 2011. Zatsiorsky VM, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC. Science and Practice of Strength Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2020.
Grant Information:	N00014-18-C-2025 Office of Naval Research
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: athlete monitoring; neuromucular fatigue; operational readiness; psychological resilience; tactical strength and conditioning; vertical jump
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260723 Date Completed: 20260723 Latest Revision: 20260723
Update Code:	20260723
DOI:	10.1519/JSC.0000000000005436
PMID:	42489479
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1533-4287
DOI:	10.1519/JSC.0000000000005436