Early Adolescents' Reasoning About Secretive Parental Monitoring and Lying: Assessing Covert Strategies for Monitoring Risky Behaviors.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Early Adolescents' Reasoning About Secretive Parental Monitoring and Lying: Assessing Covert Strategies for Monitoring Risky Behaviors.
Συγγραφείς: Gingo M; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts, USA., Eskine KE; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts, USA.
Πηγή: Journal of adolescence [J Adolesc] 2026 Oct; Vol. 98 (7), pp. 2542-2557. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 23.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7808986 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-9254 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01401971 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Adolesc Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: London : Elsevier
Original Publication: London, New York, Published for the Assn. for the Psychiatric Study of Adolescents by Academic Press.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Parenting*/psychology , Adolescent Behavior*/psychology , Risk-Taking* , Deception* , Parent-Child Relations*, Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; Child ; Male
Περίληψη: Introduction: Early adolescence is a period characterized by increased desire for autonomy and increased risk-taking. At times, this combination leads parents to surreptitiously engage in covert monitoring to keep tabs on their adolescents. Whereas substantial research has investigated adolescent information management and lying, little is known about the development of adolescents' reasoning about parents' covert monitoring and lying. Our aim was to better understand these reasoning processes, by examining how they vary with age and as a function of risk assessment and monitoring strategy.
Methods: Using linear mixed-effects models, we analyzed the reasoning of an ethnically diverse US sample of 152 adolescents (10-14-year-olds, 70 female). Through clinical interviews, adolescents evaluated hypothetical vignettes depicting same-aged peers engaged in six forms of risky behavior, and parents who engaged in six forms of covert monitoring, which they lied about.
Results: Adolescents broadly rejected covert parental monitoring and lies about their monitoring. However, judgments hinged on both the invasiveness of the monitoring strategy and the type of risk, and shifted with age. Invasive monitoring was rejected more than less invasive strategies, and monitoring was accepting to a greater extent in higher-risk situations.
Discussion: The findings show that while adolescents would have preferred open communication and honesty, they did not view parents' monitoring strategies or deception in uniform ways. Adolescents' judgments and justifications provide insight into the ways in which they coordinate and draw priorities among concerns with honesty, privacy, and safety, and parents' legitimate interest and authority over certain behaviors.
(© 2026 Foundation for Professionals in Services to Adolescents.)
References: Castillo, A., J. D. Miller, C. Vize, D. A. A. Baranger, and D. R. Lynam. 2026. “When Do Interaction/Moderation Effects Stabilize in Linear Regression?.” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 9, no. 1: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459251407860.
Cumsille, P., N. Darling, and M. L. Martínez. 2010. “Shading the Truth: The Patterning of Adolescents' Decisions to Avoid Issues, Disclose, or Lie to Parents.” Journal of Adolescence 33, no. 2: 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.10.008.
Darling, N., P. Cumsille, and M. L. Martínez. 2008. “Individual Differences in Adolescents' Beliefs About the Legitimacy of Parental Authority and Their Own Obligation to Obey: A Longitudinal Investigation.” Child Development 79, no. 4: 1103–1118.
Darling, N., P. Cumsille, and L. Peña‐Alampay. 2005. “Rules, Legitimacy of Parental Authority, and Obligation to Obey in Chile, the Philippines, and the United States.” New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 2005, no. 108: 47–60.
Darling, N., and L. Tilton‐Weaver. 2019. “All in the Family: Within‐Family Differences in Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Information Management.” Developmental Psychology 55, no. 2: 390–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000641.
Davis, I. S., M. A. Thornburg, H. Patel, and W. E. Pelham, III. 2024. “Digital Location Tracking of Children and Adolescents: A Theoretical Framework and Review.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 27, no. 4: 943–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-024-00500-8.
Dodd, B., and E. K. Malm. 2023. “Effects of Parenting by Lying in Childhood on Adult Lying, Internalizing Behaviors, and Relationship Quality.” Child Psychiatry and Human Development 54, no. 1: 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01220-8.
Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A.‐G. Lang, and A. Buchner. 2007. “G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39, no. 2: 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
Gelman, S. A., N. Cuneo, S. Kulkarni, S. Snay, and S. O. Roberts. 2021. “The Roles of Privacy and Trust in Children's Evaluations and Explanations of Digital Tracking.” Child Development 92, no. 5: 1769–1784. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13572.
Gingo, M. 2017. “Children's Reasoning About Deception and Defiance as Ways of Resisting Parents' and Teachers' Directives.” Developmental Psychology 53, no. 9: 1643–1655. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000350.
Gingo, M., A. D. Roded, and E. Turiel. 2017. “Authority, Autonomy, and Deception: Evaluating the Legitimacy of Parental Authority and Adolescent Deceit.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 27, no. 4: 862–877. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12319.
Gingo, M., A. D. Roded, and E. Turiel. 2020. “What They Don't Know Won't Hurt Them: Parents' Judgments About Lying to Their Adolescents.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 30, no. 1: 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12503.
Gomila, R. 2021. “Logistic or Linear? Estimating Causal Effects of Experimental Treatments on Binary Outcomes Using Regression Analysis.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 150, no. 4: 700–709. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000920.
Guo, Y., S. Killoren, and N. Campione‐Barr. 2022. “Strategies and Reasons for Nondisclosure in Close Relationships During Adolescence.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 51, no. 9: 1841–1857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01634-0.
Hawk, S. T., A. Becht, and S. Branje. 2016. “Snooping” as a Distinct Parental Monitoring Strategy: Comparisons With Overt Solicitation and Control.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 26, no. 3: 443–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12204.
Hawk, S. T., W. W. Hale, Q. A. W. Raaijmakers, and W. Meeus. 2008. “Adolescents' Perceptions of Privacy Invasion in Reaction to Parental Solicitation and Control.” Journal of Early Adolescence 28, no. 4: 583–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608317611.
Hawk, S. T., L. Keijsers, T. Frijns, W. W. Hale, III, S. Branje, and W. Meeus. 2013. “I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For”: Parental Privacy Invasion Predicts Reduced Parental Knowledge.” Developmental Psychology 49, no. 7: 1286–1298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029484.
Jackson, M. I., K. Kiernan, and S. McLanahan. 2017. “Maternal Education, Changing Family Circumstances, and Children's Skill Development in the United States and UK.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 674, no. 1: 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716217729471.
Kapetanovic, S., M. Bohlin, T. Skoog, and A. Gerdner. 2020. “Structural Relations Between Sources of Parental Knowledge, Feelings of Being Overly Controlled and Risk Behaviors in Early Adolescence.” Journal of Family Studies 26, no. 2: 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2017.1367713.
Kerr, M., and H. Stattin. 2000. “What Parents Know, How They Know It, and Several Forms of Adolescent Adjustment: Further Support for a Reinterpretation of Monitoring.” Developmental Psychology 36, no. 3: 366–380.
Lachance, J. 2020. “Parental Surveillance of Teens in the Digital Era: The ‘Ritual of Confession’ to the ‘Ritual of Repentance’.” International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 25, no. 1: 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1651351.
Laible, D., G. Carlo, L. Padilla‐Walker, R. Laird, and M. Zeringue. 2019. “Parental Knowledge and Child Disclosure as They Relate to Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors.” In The Oxford Handbook of Parenting and Moral Development. Oxford University Press.
Laird, R. D., and S. T. Hawk. 2024. “Adolescents' Perceptions of Privacy Violations by Parents, Siblings, and Friends.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 34, no. 4: 1378–1390. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.13000.
Laird, R. D., M. D. Marrero, J. A. Melching, and E. S. Kuhn. 2013. “Information Management Strategies in Early Adolescence: Developmental Change in Use and Transactional Associations With Psychological Adjustment.” Developmental Psychology 49, no. 5: 928–937.
Lansford, J. E., J. Godwin, M. H. Bornstein, et al. 2018. “Parenting, Culture, and the Development of Externalizing Behaviors From Age 7 to 14 in Nine Countries.” Development and Psychopathology 30. no. 5: 1937–1958. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000925.
Lansford, J. E., W. A. Rothenberg, J. Riley, et al. 2021. “Longitudinal Trajectories of Four Domains of Parenting in Relation to Adolescent Age and Puberty in Nine Countries.” Child Development 92: e493–e512. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13526.
Ledbetter, A. M., and T. A. Vik. 2012. “Parental Invasive Behaviors and Emerging Adults' Privacy Defenses: Instrument Development and Validation.” Journal of Family Communication 12, no. 3: 227–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2012.686943.
Lippold, M. A., M. T. Greenberg, and L. M. Collins. 2013. “Parental Knowledge and Youth Risky Behavior: A Person‐Oriented Approach.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42: 1732–1744.
Lippold, M. A., M. T. Greenberg, J. W. Graham, and M. E. Feinberg. 2014. “Unpacking the Effect of Parental Monitoring on Early Adolescent Problem Behavior: Mediation by Parental Knowledge and Moderation by Parent–Youth Warmth.” Journal of Family Issues 35, no. 13: 1800–1823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13484120.
Low, P. H. X., Y. Kyeong, and P. Setoh. 2024. “Parenting by Lying and Children's Lying to Parents: The Moderating Role of Children's Beliefs.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 240: 105837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105837.
Nakagawa, S., and H. Schielzeth. 2013. “A General and Simple Method for Obtaining R2 From Generalized Linear Mixed‐Effects Models.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4, no. 2: 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x.
Omer, H., S. Satran, and O. Driter. 2016. “Vigilant Care: An Integrative Reformulation Regarding Parental Monitoring.” Psychological Review 123, no. 3: 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000024.
Pelham, W. E., H. Patel, J. A. Somers, and S. J. Racz. 2025. “Theory for How Parental Monitoring Changes Youth Behavior.” Clinical Psychological Science 13, no. 1: 18–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026241232926.
Perkins, S. A., and E. Turiel. 2007. “To Lie or Not to Lie: To Whom and Under What Circumstances.” Child Development 78, no. 2: 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01017.x.
Petronio, S. 2002. Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure. SUNY Press.
Petronio, S. 2010. “Communication Privacy Management Theory: What Do We Know About Family Privacy Regulation?.” Journal of Family Theory & Review 2, no. 3: 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00052.x.
Rote, W. M., and J. G. Smetana. 2016. “Beliefs About Parents' Right to Know: Domain Differences and Associations With Change in Concealment.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 26, no. 2: 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12194.
Rote, W. M., and J. G. Smetana. 2018. “Within‐Family Dyadic Patterns of Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Information Management.” Developmental Psychology 54, no. 12: 2302–2315. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000615.
Roza, E. C., I. C. Lucieer, D. van de Bongardt, M. P. Luijk, and R. Kok. 2024. “Parental Lying to Children: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Family Theory & Review 16, no. 4: 804–833.
Seabold, S., and J. Perktold. 2010. “Statsmodels: Econometric and Statistical Modeling With Python.” In Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, 92–96. SciPy. https://doi.org/10.25080/majora-92bf1922-011.
Setoh, P., P. H. X. Low, G. D. Heyman, and K. Lee. 2024. “Parenting by Lying.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 33, no. 1: 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214231206095.
Smetana, J. G. 2010. Adolescents, Families, and Social Development: How Teens Construct Their Worlds. John Wiley & Sons.
Smetana, J. G., M. Villalobos, M. Tasopoulos‐Chan, D. C. Gettman, and N. Campione‐Barr. 2009. “Early and Middle Adolescents' Disclosure to Parents About Activities in Different Domains.” Journal of Adolescence 32, no. 3: 693–713.
Smetana, J. G., M. Wong, C. Ball, and J. Yau. 2014. “American and Chinese Children's Evaluations of Personal Domain Events and Resistance to Parental Authority.” Child Development 85, no. 2: 626–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12140.
Snijders, T. A. B., and R. J. Bosker. 2012. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling, 2nd ed. Sage Publications.
Song, G., and J. G. Smetana. 2024. “Longitudinal Associations Among Psychological Control, Positive and Negative Interactions, and Adolescents' Domain‐Specific Disclosure to Parents.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 53: 2642–2653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-02050-2.
Steinberg, L., D. Albert, E. Cauffman, M. Banich, S. Graham, and J. Woolard. 2008. “Age Differences in Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity as Indexed by Behavior and Self‐Report: Evidence for a Dual Systems Model.” Developmental Psychology 44, no. 6: 1764–1778. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012955.
Ur, B., J. Jung, and S. Schechter. 2014. “Intruders Versus Intrusiveness: Teens' and Parents' Perspectives on Home‐Entryway Surveillance.” In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 129–139. ACM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632048.2632107.
Xu, F., X. Bao, G. Fu, V. Talwar, and K. Lee. 2010. “Lying and Truth‐Telling in Children: From Concept to Action.” Child Development 81, no. 2: 581–596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01417.x.
Grant Information: Patricia H. Arnold and Christopher B. Arnold Fund
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: adolescent autonomy; adolescent risk‐taking; lying; moral Judgment; parental deception; parental monitoring
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260723 Date Completed: 20261007 Latest Revision: 20261007
Update Code: 20261008
DOI: 10.1002/jad.70235
PMID: 42489010
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1095-9254
DOI:10.1002/jad.70235