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Low-energy treatment of decentralized kitchen wastewater: removal efficiency, stability, and microbial characteristics of ITBR in application.

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Title: Low-energy treatment of decentralized kitchen wastewater: removal efficiency, stability, and microbial characteristics of ITBR in application.
Authors: Li K; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China., Sun W; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China., Ren Z; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China., Zheng Y; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China., Zhou H; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China., Li X; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China., Wang H; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China. wanghan1021@gzmu.edu.cn.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China. wanghan1021@gzmu.edu.cn., Zhang Y; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Source: Bioprocess and biosystems engineering [Bioprocess Biosyst Eng] 2026 Aug; Vol. 49 (8), pp. 2239-2251. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 22.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101088505 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1615-7605 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16157591 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bioprocess Biosyst Eng Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Berlin, Germany : Springer-Verlag, 2001-
MeSH Terms: Bioreactors*/microbiology , Wastewater*/microbiology , Biofilms*/growth & development , Water Purification*/methods, Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
Abstract: An integrated two-stage biofilm reactor (ITBR) with a capacity of 16.4 m3/d and a footprint of 28.5 m2 was designed and field-tested for decentralized treatment of rural kitchen wastewater in mountainous Guizhou, China. Employing sludge immobilization, gravity flow, and two-stage low-oxygen aeration, the ITBR achieved average removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended solids (SS) of 92.9 ± 1.6%, 83.6 ± 2.2%, 86.0 ± 1.9%, 84.7 ± 5.9%, and 93.0 ± 4.1%, respectively, with robust stability under fluctuating influent load, temperature, and HRT. Optimized aeration at 341 m3/d in Stage I and 225 m3/d in Stage II yielded volumetric removal loads of 1.30 kg COD/(m3·d) and 0.03 kg NH4+-N/(m3·d) at an energy consumption of only 0.234 kWh/m3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing revealed abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and filamentous bacteria in both stages; Thiothrix and Candidatus Microthrix dominated Stage I and Stage II, respectively, The EPS matrix and filamentous bacteria played a critical role in microbial immobilization and overall system stability. These findings provided essential biological insights for the optimization and control of the system.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information: (42107104) National Natural Science Foundation of China; ([2019]1153) Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou province; (No.[2022]147,No.[2021]114) Guizhou Education Department Fund; No. GZMUZK(2022)YB12 the Natural Science Project of Guizhou Minzu University
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Decentralized treatment; High-load; ITBR; Kitchen wastewater; Low-oxygen aeration; Stability
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Wastewater)
N762921K75 (Nitrogen)
27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260722 Date Completed: 20260730 Latest Revision: 20260730
Update Code: 20260730
DOI: 10.1007/s00449-026-03390-y
PMID: 42484641
Database: MEDLINE
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Low-energy treatment of decentralized kitchen wastewater: removal efficiency, stability, and microbial characteristics of ITBR in application.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+K%22">Li K</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sun+W%22">Sun W</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ren+Z%22">Ren Z</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zheng+Y%22">Zheng Y</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+H%22">Zhou H</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+X%22">Li X</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+H%22">Wang H</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China. wanghan1021@gzmu.edu.cn.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China. wanghan1021@gzmu.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+Y%22">Zhang Y</searchLink>; Faculty of Ecology Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.; Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission: Karst Environmental Geological Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101088505%22">Bioprocess and biosystems engineering</searchLink> [Bioprocess Biosyst Eng] 2026 Aug; Vol. 49 (8), pp. 2239-2251. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jul 22.
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  Data: English
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer-Verlag%22">Springer-Verlag </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Germany <i>NLM ID: </i>101088505 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1615-7605 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2216157591%22">16157591 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Bioprocess Biosyst Eng <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Berlin, Germany : Springer-Verlag, 2001-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bioreactors%22">Bioreactors*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bioreactors+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Wastewater%22">Wastewater*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Wastewater+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Biofilms%22">Biofilms*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Biofilms+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Purification%22">Water Purification*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Purification+methods%22">methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biological+Oxygen+Demand+Analysis%22">Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Nitrogen%22">Nitrogen</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Phosphorus%22">Phosphorus</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: An integrated two-stage biofilm reactor (ITBR) with a capacity of 16.4 m<superscript>3</superscript>/d and a footprint of 28.5 m<superscript>2</superscript> was designed and field-tested for decentralized treatment of rural kitchen wastewater in mountainous Guizhou, China. Employing sludge immobilization, gravity flow, and two-stage low-oxygen aeration, the ITBR achieved average removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH<subscript>4</subscript><superscript>+</superscript>-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended solids (SS) of 92.9 ± 1.6%, 83.6 ± 2.2%, 86.0 ± 1.9%, 84.7 ± 5.9%, and 93.0 ± 4.1%, respectively, with robust stability under fluctuating influent load, temperature, and HRT. Optimized aeration at 341 m<superscript>3</superscript>/d in Stage I and 225 m<superscript>3</superscript>/d in Stage II yielded volumetric removal loads of 1.30 kg COD/(m<superscript>3</superscript>·d) and 0.03 kg NH<subscript>4</subscript><superscript>+</superscript>-N/(m<superscript>3</superscript>·d) at an energy consumption of only 0.234 kWh/m<superscript>3</superscript>. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing revealed abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and filamentous bacteria in both stages; Thiothrix and Candidatus Microthrix dominated Stage I and Stage II, respectively, The EPS matrix and filamentous bacteria played a critical role in microbial immobilization and overall system stability. These findings provided essential biological insights for the optimization and control of the system.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Conflict of interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Group: Grant
  Data: (42107104) National Natural Science Foundation of China; ([2019]1153) Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou province; (No.[2022]147,No.[2021]114) Guizhou Education Department Fund; No. GZMUZK(2022)YB12 the Natural Science Project of Guizhou Minzu University
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Decentralized treatment; High-load; ITBR; Kitchen wastewater; Low-oxygen aeration; Stability
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              Text: 2026 Aug
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