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Utilization of Citrus Peel Waste for Regulating Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation in Cement-Based Materials: Mechanical Performance and Freeze-Thaw Resistance.

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Title: Utilization of Citrus Peel Waste for Regulating Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation in Cement-Based Materials: Mechanical Performance and Freeze-Thaw Resistance.
Authors: Meng Y; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China., Su X; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China., Zhao S; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China., Zan Q; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China., Wang L; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China., Guo W; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
Source: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) [Molecules] 2026 Jul 01; Vol. 31 (13). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 01.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100964009 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1420-3049 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14203049 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Molecules Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, c1995-
MeSH Terms: Citrus*/chemistry , Urease*/chemistry , Urease*/metabolism , Calcium Carbonate*/chemistry , Carbonates*/chemistry , Construction Materials*, Urea/chemistry ; Glycine max/enzymology ; Freezing ; Compressive Strength ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Chemical Precipitation
Abstract: This study investigates citrus peel powder (CP) as an environmentally friendly admixture to regulate plant-derived urease (with soybean powder (SP) as the urease source) and to promote bio-mediated CaCO3 mineralization, thereby improving the mechanical and freeze-thaw (FT) resistance properties of cement-based materials. When CP is combined with urea and soybean urease, it exhibits a regulatory effect on urease activity. For the CPUD (CP-encapsulated urea combined with soy powder)-modified material with SP dosage in cement content of 0.2 wt%, the CP-urea modification treatment can effectively improve their mechanical properties and FT durability. The flexural and compressive strengths at 28 days are increased by 10.53% and 11.19%, respectively, compared to the blank group. After freeze-thaw cycles, the strengths are still 27.08% and 26.67% higher than those of the blank group, and their respective strength loss rates are 7.58% and -5.77% (negative indicating a net strength increase), compared with 21.31% and 9.48% for the blank group. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses reveal that CP-urea promotes the formation and effective packing of calcium carbonate. Mechanistically, CP establishes a stable hydrogen-bonding network with both urea and urease, exerting a dual regulatory effect: it enhances the electrophilicity of urea while also creating a physical mass transfer barrier to precisely control biomineralization. Notably, CP can be directly used without pretreatment, offering a sustainable strategy for citrus peel waste valorization.
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: cement; citrus peel; freeze–thaw cycles; mechanical; urease
Substance Nomenclature: EC 3.5.1.5 (Urease)
8W8T17847W (Urea)
H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
0 (Carbonates)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260715 Date Completed: 20260715 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260814
PubMed Central ID: PMC13362673
DOI: 10.3390/molecules31132308
PMID: 42451675
Database: MEDLINE
Description
ISSN:1420-3049
DOI:10.3390/molecules31132308