Material flow and sustainable utilization of end-of-life motorcycles under Taiwan's vehicle electrification policy.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Material flow and sustainable utilization of end-of-life motorcycles under Taiwan's vehicle electrification policy.
Συγγραφείς:	Lin HT; National Taiwan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan. Electronic address: hsintien@ntu.edu.tw., Weng KC; National Taiwan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan., Castillo-Castro DS; National Taiwan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
Πηγή:	Waste management (New York, N.Y.) [Waste Manag] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 224, pp. 115728. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 11.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9884362 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-2456 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0956053X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Waste Manag Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: New York : Pergamon Press, c1989-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Recycling/methods , Waste Management/methods , Motorcycles*, Taiwan ; Plastics ; Electricity
Περίληψη:	Motorcycle electrification is transforming transportation systems in regions where two-wheelers dominate mobility, raising new challenges for end-of-life vehicle (ELV) management. Despite extensive ELV research on passenger vehicles, integrated assessments of material flows, comparative recyclability, and design sensitivity for electric and combustion motorcycles remain scarce, particularly in motorcycle-dominant systems. This study evaluates the recycling performance of end-of-life motorcycles (ELMs) in Taiwan using material flow analysis and dual recyclability assessment methods (ISO 22,628 and UNIFE), comparing combustion engine motorcycles (CEMs) and electric motorcycles (EMs) across multiple treatment scenarios. Under the ISO 22628 business-as-usual scenario, CEMs achieved a reuse and recycling rate of 82.6%, while EMs reached only 67.6%, primarily due to their higher proportion of composite plastics and the presence of lithium-ion batteries accounting for 16% of vehicle mass. The more conservative UNIFE assessment further revealed that neither motorcycle type consistently satisfies the international 95% reuse and recovery target, highlighting that theoretical rate often masks a reliance on thermal recovery rather than true material circularity. Scenario analysis indicates that manual dismantling, particularly of plastic components, can raise plastic recycling rate exceeding the 25% recycled-content threshold in EU regulation COM(2023)451. Sensitivity analysis identified upstream eco-design as the most effective intervention, improving EM recyclability by 4.6%, whereas downstream processing variations produced changes below 2.0%. Material flow projections indicate approximately 9,000 tons of annual LIB waste by 2050. The results suggest that improving ELM circularity requires prioritizing upstream material simplification through eco-modulated EPR incentives rather than relying solely on downstream recycling process optimization. (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests:	Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: End-of-life motorcycle management; Recycling process improvement; Resource material flow; Sustainable resource utilization
Substance Nomenclature:	0 (Plastics)
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260711 Date Completed: 20260801 Latest Revision: 20260801
Update Code:	20260802
DOI:	10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115728
PMID:	42435561
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1879-2456
DOI:	10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115728