Academic Journal
Non-invasive assessment of hepatic involvement in common variable immunodeficiency and agammaglobulinemia using enhanced liver fibrosis score and shearwave elastography.
| Τίτλος: | Non-invasive assessment of hepatic involvement in common variable immunodeficiency and agammaglobulinemia using enhanced liver fibrosis score and shearwave elastography. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Stojanovic M; Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia., Stojkovic-Lalosevic M; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia., Stankovic S; Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.; Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia., Miskovic R; Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia., Ljubicic J; Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia., Rankovic I; Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia., Pesic A; Clinic of Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia., Dragasevic Vucicevic S; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia., Petrovic G; Institute for Health Care of Mother and Child of Serbia Dr. Vukan Cupic, Belgrade, Serbia., Bonaci-Nikolic B; Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. |
| Πηγή: | Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2026 Jun 24; Vol. 17, pp. 1857089. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 24 (Print Publication: 2026). |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101560960 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1664-3224 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16643224 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation] |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Elasticity Imaging Techniques*/methods , Liver Cirrhosis*/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis*/diagnosis , Liver Cirrhosis*/diagnostic imaging , Liver Cirrhosis*/blood , Common Variable Immunodeficiency*/complications , Common Variable Immunodeficiency*/diagnosis , Agammaglobulinemia*/complications , Agammaglobulinemia*/diagnosis , Liver*/pathology , Liver*/diagnostic imaging, Biomarkers/blood ; Hyaluronic Acid/blood ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/blood ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Severity of Illness Index |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Early detection of hepatic involvement in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and agammaglobulinemia (AGA) remains hampered by the absence of validated non-invasive biomarkers. Although the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score is well established across different liver diseases, its role in CVID/AGA remains undefined. We aimed to assess hepatic involvement using ELF and shearwave elastography (SWE), and to evaluate their correlation and agreement. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 22 patients with CVID and 9 with AGA without previously known/documented liver fibrosis. The ELF score was calculated from serum hyaluronic acid (HA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and N-terminal propeptide of type III collagen. Liver stiffness (LS) was measured using SWE. False discovery rate was controlled using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Results: According to SWE, 64.5% of patients had elevated LS, whereas increased ELF values corresponding to intermediate and severe/advanced fibrosis were present in 58% and 35.5%, respectively. There was a statistically significant agreement (weighted Cohen's κ=0.324; p=0.002) along with a significant correlation between ELF and LS (p=0.01/pbh=0.05). In addition, ELF values were also positively associated with AST (p<0.001/pbh<0.001) and ALP (p=0.003/pbh=0.03). Among individual ELF components, HA showed consistent associations with LS and liver enzymes, including ALT, AST, and γGT (p=0.01/pbh=0.05; p<0.001/pbh<0.001; p=0.004/pbh=0.04, respectively). Conclusion: Our exploratory findings suggest that combining ELF and SWE may provide a promising non-invasive approach for liver assessment, potentially reflecting different but complementary aspects of hepatic involvement in CVID and AGA; however, their clinical utility requires validation in larger, prospective, multicenter studies with histopathological correlation to define disease-specific thresholds. (Copyright © 2026 Stojanovic, Stojkovic-Lalosevic, Stankovic, Miskovic, Ljubicic, Rankovic, Pesic, Dragasevic Vucicevic, Petrovic and Bonaci-Nikolic.) |
| Competing Interests: | The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: ELF score; agammaglobulinemia; common variable immunodeficiency; elastography; enteropathy; liver fibrosis |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Biomarkers) 9004-61-9 (Hyaluronic Acid) 0 (Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260709 Date Completed: 20260709 Latest Revision: 20260813 |
| Update Code: | 20260814 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13341503 |
| DOI: | 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1857089 |
| PMID: | 42421971 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1664-3224 |
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| DOI: | 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1857089 |