Academic Journal
Comparing the sensory effects of menthol and synthetic coolants in e-liquids: A pilot investigation.
| Τίτλος: | Comparing the sensory effects of menthol and synthetic coolants in e-liquids: A pilot investigation. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Davis DR; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University., Li W; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University., Wu R; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University., Gueorguieva R; Center for the Study of Tobacco Product Use and Addiction, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University., Mellinghoff RA; Yale College, Yale University., Zimmerman JB; Center for the Study of Tobacco Product Use and Addiction, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University., Erythropel HC; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University., Krishnan-Sarin S; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University. |
| Πηγή: | Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology [Exp Clin Psychopharmacol] 2026 Oct; Vol. 34 (5), pp. 479-488. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 06. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Comparative Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: American Psychological Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9419066 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1936-2293 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10641297 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Washington, DC : American Psychological Association, c1993- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Flavoring Agents*/administration & dosage , Flavoring Agents*/pharmacology , Menthol*/administration & dosage , Menthol*/pharmacology , Taste*/drug effects , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems*, Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Double-Blind Method ; Pilot Projects |
| Περίληψη: | Synthetic coolants such as Wilkinson Sword-23 (WS-23) and Wilkinson Sword-3 (WS-3) are commonly included either instead or with menthol in e-liquids. While in vitro studies suggest that synthetic coolants have similar cooling properties as menthol, less is known about their sensory effects in humans. This study is the first to directly compare sensory effects following inhalational exposure to synthetic coolants and menthol in e-liquids. Adults who used e-cigarettes (N = 27; 33.3 ± 10.0 years; 40.7% female) completed one laboratory session. Under randomized double-blinded conditions, participants sampled e-liquids containing menthol, WS-3, or WS-23. Sixteen e-liquids were sampled in commercially relevant concentrations: 0.5 mg/g, 1 mg/g, 5 mg/g, 10 mg/g, 20 m/g for all coolants, and 40 mg/g for WS-23 only. Participants reported sensory effects (coolness, flavor intensity, sweetness, irritation). Mixed-effects models assessed effects of coolant, concentration, and their interaction. Within each coolant, coolness, flavor, and irritation increased with concentration (ps < .05). Coolness and flavor intensity differed by coolant (ps < .05). Menthol and WS-23 produced stronger cooling than WS-3, and menthol had stronger flavor intensity than both WS-3 or WS-23 (ps < .05). Sweetness and irritation did not differ by coolant. Across coolants, we observed dose-dependent increases in sensory effects across concentrations. While all coolants produced cooling and flavor intensity that increased with increasing concentration, WS-23 more closely matched menthol's cooling effect. Neither synthetic coolant had as strong a flavor intensity as menthol. Our evidence suggests that sensory effects of synthetic coolants may substitute for menthol's cooling properties. Future studies are needed to understand if synthetic coolants similarly to menthol, enhance the appeal of nicotine-containing e-liquids. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved). |
| Grant Information: | K01 DA056494 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; U54 DA036114 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; U54 DA036151 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; Food and Drug Administration; Center for Tobacco Products; United States DA NIDA NIH HHS |
| Molecular Sequence: | ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05932693 |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Flavoring Agents) 1490-04-6 (Menthol) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260706 Date Completed: 20261008 Latest Revision: 20261009 |
| Update Code: | 20261010 |
| DOI: | 10.1037/pha0000865 |
| PMID: | 42406436 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1936-2293 |
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| DOI: | 10.1037/pha0000865 |