Academic Journal
Preclinical Models of Venous Thrombosis: A Critical Appraisal for Translational Research.
| Title: | Preclinical Models of Venous Thrombosis: A Critical Appraisal for Translational Research. |
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| Authors: | Bhopal AS; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S.B., Y.L., A.B.).; Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S.B., Y.L., L.M.G.)., Luo Y; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S.B., Y.L., A.B.).; Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S.B., Y.L., L.M.G.)., Grover LM; Healthcare Technologies Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S.B., Y.L., L.M.G.)., Brill A; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.S.B., Y.L., A.B.). |
| Source: | Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology [Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol] 2026 Jul; Vol. 46 (7), pp. e323862. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 24. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9505803 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1524-4636 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10795642 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: 1998- : Baltimore, Md. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Original Publication: Dallas, TX : American Heart Association, c1995- |
| MeSH Terms: | Venous Thrombosis*/physiopathology , Venous Thrombosis*/pathology , Venous Thrombosis*/etiology , Venous Thrombosis*/chemically induced , Translational Research, Biomedical*/methods , Disease Models, Animal*, Animals ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results |
| Abstract: | Clinical Problem: Venous thromboembolism, encompassing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, affects ≈1 to 2 per 1000 individuals annually and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advances in anticoagulation therapy, significant gaps remain in understanding thrombosis resolution, postthrombotic syndrome, and identifying patients at risk for recurrence. Animal models are essential for mechanistic studies and preclinical drug development, yet their translational success has been inconsistent. Critical evaluation of available models is necessary to guide appropriate model selection and improve predictive validity. Recommendations: Select models by the primary biological question and the clinical scenario you want to mimic, then prespecify: (1) flow state (stasis versus reduced flow versus full flow), (2) injury (none/minimal versus chemical/thermal), and (3) end point modality (gross thrombus mass versus imaging volume versus molecular composition versus functional recanalization). Use at least 2 complementary models when claiming generality (eg, a reduced-flow model+a chemical injury model). Summary: This review critically evaluates rodent, large animal, and cellular models of venous thrombosis, addressing their strengths, limitations, reproducibility challenges, and ability to incorporate clinically relevant variables. A comparative analysis with tabular summaries guides researchers in selecting appropriate models while highlighting gaps that must be addressed to improve translational outcomes. |
| Competing Interests: | None. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: disease models; pulmonary embolism; thrombosis; venous thromboembolism; venous thrombosis |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260624 Date Completed: 20260624 Latest Revision: 20260624 |
| Update Code: | 20260625 |
| DOI: | 10.1161/ATVBAHA.126.323862 |
| PMID: | 42341088 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1524-4636 |
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| DOI: | 10.1161/ATVBAHA.126.323862 |