Academic Journal
[Evaluation of bilateral vaccine cooperation priority countries on Chinese human papillomavirus vaccine using hierarchical K-means hybrid clustering].
| Title: | [Evaluation of bilateral vaccine cooperation priority countries on Chinese human papillomavirus vaccine using hierarchical K-means hybrid clustering]. |
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| Authors: | Wu Y; Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China., Huang Y; Department of Global Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China. |
| Source: | Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences [Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban] 2026 Jun 18; Vol. 58 (3), pp. 446-454. |
| Publication Type: | English Abstract; Journal Article |
| Language: | Chinese |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Beijing da xue Country of Publication: China NLM ID: 101125284 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1671-167X (Print) Linking ISSN: 1671167X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Beijing : Beijing da xue, 2001- |
| MeSH Terms: | Immunization Programs*/organization & administration , Papillomavirus Infections*/prevention & control , International Cooperation* , Papillomavirus Vaccines*, Humans ; China ; Cluster Analysis ; Clustering Algorithms |
| Abstract: | Objective: To evaluate priority target countries and formulate context-specific cooperation modalities for China ' s bilateral international collaboration on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, thereby furnishing an evidence-based reference for optimizing China ' s bilateral vaccine cooperation stra-tegies and contributing to global health equity. Methods: Using a previously established index system designed for selecting preferred countries in China ' s international vaccine cooperation, we comprehensively applied a weighted-scoring approach to quantitatively rank 29 Phases 3 and 4 Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (Gavi) eligible countries in HPV vaccine cooperation. Based on 5 first-level index (legal and regulatory factors, economic factors, political factors, social factors, and technological factors) scores, a hierarchical K-means hybrid method was used for clustering the countries. Hierarchical clustering was initially utilized to explore the underlying data structure and determine the optimal number of clusters, followed by K-means clustering to precisely categorize the evaluated nations based on their multidimensional characteristics. Results: The top10 countries were mostly Asian countries. African countries were mostly in the lower ranks. The countries were clustered into three types: (1) Technology transfer priority (n=3: Indonesia, Viet Nam, Uzbekistan), characterized by above-average economic, techno-scientific and political scores, robust vaccine-import volumes, non-negligible domestic manufacturing capacity and high political stability-recommended for priority collaboration; (2) Basic assistance (n=25), approximating mean indicator values, typically low-population or low-income economies suitable for aid-based or concessional-procurement models; (3) High barrier (n=1: India), exhibiting high socio-demographic and scientific base yet minimal legal-regulatory scores, indicating large demand, established vaccine industry, but formidable registration barriers. Policy recommendations included: concessional product export plus clinical-trial cooperation with Indonesia, with prospective licensing and technology transfer; clinical-trial collaboration with Viet Nam; and licensing/technology-transfer schemes with Uzbekistan. Conclusion: Indonesia, Viet Nam, and Uzbekistan are identified as the priority target countries for China ' s bilateral international cooperation on HPV vaccines. For these technology-transfer priority nations, cooperation should be strategically conducted through diverse modalities encompassing vaccine product export, clinical trial collaboration, authorized licensing, and technology transfer. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Cluster analysis; Hierarchical clustering; Human papillomavirus vaccine; International cooperation; K-means clustering |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Papillomavirus Vaccines) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260613 Date Completed: 20260613 Latest Revision: 20260726 |
| Update Code: | 20260726 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13268818 |
| PMID: | 42287037 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1671-167X |
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