Academic Journal
Rainfall and minimum temperature modulate the expression of CsβCH and CsCCD1 genes in saffron stigma and improve its quality: comparison of traditional, non-traditional and indoor sites.
| Τίτλος: | Rainfall and minimum temperature modulate the expression of CsβCH and CsCCD1 genes in saffron stigma and improve its quality: comparison of traditional, non-traditional and indoor sites. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Firdoos Z; Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India., Haq SAU; Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India., Gill K; Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India., Husaini AM; Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Jammu and Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India. amjadhusaini@skuastkashmir.ac.in. |
| Πηγή: | Molecular biology reports [Mol Biol Rep] 2026 Jun 09; Vol. 53 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 09. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Comparative Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Reidel Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0403234 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-4978 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03014851 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Biol Rep Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Dordrecht, Boston, Reidel. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Crocus*/genetics , Crocus*/metabolism , Crocus*/growth & development , Dioxygenases*/genetics , Dioxygenases*/metabolism, Carotenoids/metabolism ; Carotenoids/analysis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; Plant Proteins/metabolism ; Terpenes/metabolism ; Terpenes/analysis ; Cyclohexenes/metabolism ; Cyclohexenes/analysis ; Flowers/genetics ; Flowers/metabolism ; Rain ; Temperature ; Climate Change ; Glucosides |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Climate change is emerging as a big challenge to Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), which is among the most valuable and costly spice crops worldwide. Materials and Methods: The present study investigated the effect of key weather parameters viz., solar radiation, rainfall and temperature (max, min, average) on gene expression of CsβCH (Beta carotene hydroxylase) and CsCCD1 (Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1) genes and saffron quality in one traditional saffron growing area (Pampore), three non-traditional areas (Mirgund, Anantnag, Udhampur) and one controlled environment (indoor) site. Results: The study revealed that saffron from field locations of Pampore (0.88; 0.93) and Mirgund (0.71; 1.16) exhibited significantly higher expression levels for both CsβCH and CsCCD1 genes, respectively, corresponding with higher levels of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal content. In contrast, saffron from Anantnag (0.37; 0.48) and Udhampur (0.33; 0.37) showed comparatively lower expression for these two genes and reduced metabolite accumulation. The content of all the three major apocarotenoids viz. Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal were found to be highest in Controlled (280.59, 82.66, 36.44) environment, followed by Pampore (215.81, 79.50, 39.78) and Mirgund (212.14, 107.76, 40.62). Among different weather parameters, rainfall and minimum temperature had significant effect on saffron quality (crocin). A minimum temperature of 10℃ during the flowering phase (1st Oct-10th Nov), combined with lower rainfall of 240-265 mm, enhanced saffron quality. Conclusion: This is the first report comparing indoor and in-field grown saffron (both traditional and new areas) of the highest-altitude saffron-growing regions of the world, viz- north-western Himalayas of Kashmir, India. The study links weather variables with gene expression and metabolite profiles, providing mechanistic insights into climate-mediated regulation of saffron quality. (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Conflict of interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Consent for publication: We provide consent for the publication of manuscript detailed above. Ethics approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Climate change; Crocin; Indoor; Quality; Rainfall; Solar radiation; Temperature; Weather |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 36-88-4 (Carotenoids) 0 (Plant Proteins) 877GWI46C2 (crocin) ON5B022511 (picrocrocin) EC 1.13.11.- (carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1) EC 1.13.11.- (Dioxygenases) 0 (Terpenes) 0 (Cyclohexenes) 4393FR07EA (safranal) 0 (Glucosides) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260609 Date Completed: 20260612 Latest Revision: 20261010 |
| Update Code: | 20261010 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s11033-026-12085-2 |
| PMID: | 42262394 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1573-4978 |
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| DOI: | 10.1007/s11033-026-12085-2 |