Academic Journal
Selection and qualification of standard test organisms for BWMS type-approval testing.
| Τίτλος: | Selection and qualification of standard test organisms for BWMS type-approval testing. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Shin J; Marine Environmental Technology Research Institute, EnCycle Co., Ltd., 7 Jungang-daero 320beon-gil, Dong-gu, Busan, 48729, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: unwater@encycle2020.com., Cho J; Marine Environmental Technology Research Institute, EnCycle Co., Ltd., 7 Jungang-daero 320beon-gil, Dong-gu, Busan, 48729, Republic of Korea., Shin Y; Marine Environmental Technology Research Institute, EnCycle Co., Ltd., 7 Jungang-daero 320beon-gil, Dong-gu, Busan, 48729, Republic of Korea., Kim H; Marine Environment Center, Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute (KOMERI), 21-36 Obi 4-gil, Yeoncho-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongnam, 53207, Republic of Korea., Heo C; Marine Environment Center, Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute (KOMERI), 21-36 Obi 4-gil, Yeoncho-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongnam, 53207, Republic of Korea. |
| Πηγή: | Marine environmental research [Mar Environ Res] 2026 Aug; Vol. 220, pp. 108172. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 02. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9882895 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0291 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01411136 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mar Environ Res Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Apr. <2000- >: Kidlington, Oxford : Elsevier Original Publication: London : Applied Science Publishers, [c1978- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Zooplankton*/classification , Environmental Monitoring*/methods , Environmental Monitoring*/standards , Diatoms*/classification, Animals |
| Περίληψη: | Seasonal and regional variability of natural plankton assemblages can constrain biological validity in BWMS land-based type-approval testing, particularly when challenge-water concentrations fall below regulatory requirements. This study proposes an evidence-based workflow to select and qualify standard test organisms (STOs) for the ≥10 μm to <50 μm and ≥50 μm size classes. Survivor records from full-scale type-approval tests were first used to prioritize taxa that persist through treatment and subsequent handling. Four candidates were finalized: two centric diatoms for the ≥10 μm to <50 μm class (Stephanocyclus meneghinianus and Actinocyclus sp.) and two zooplankton for the ≥50 μm class (Moina macrocopa and Tigriopus sp.). Taxonomic assignments were supported by DNA barcoding, and regulatory compliance was evaluated using minimum-dimension measurements under practical microscopy views. All candidates consistently satisfied the relevant size thresholds. Operational feasibility was assessed through routine maintenance, showing stable culture growth for diatoms (OD750) and maintained or increasing total abundance for zooplankton. Control-holding performance under test-relevant conditions was examined during short-term dark holding across freshwater, brackish, and marine waters over the protocol temperature range (5-35 °C) for up to 5 days. The ≥10 μm to <50 μm candidates remained above the minimum required concentration throughout the holding period, whereas the ≥50 μm candidates were more sensitive under extreme conditions but remained viable under typical holding durations and non-extreme temperatures. Collectively, the finalized candidates provide practical STO options that combine size compliance, routine maintainability, and control-holding validity for reproducible challenge-water preparation in land-based type-approval testing. (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: BWMS type-approval testing; Ballast water; Challenge water; Control holding; Size-class compliance; Standard test organism (STO) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260604 Date Completed: 20260729 Latest Revision: 20260729 |
| Update Code: | 20260730 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108172 |
| PMID: | 42241959 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1879-0291 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.108172 |