Unravelling the distribution of vectors of major vector-borne diseases in Koshi Province of Nepal: A concern of expansion in diverse geo-ecological and climatic regions.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Unravelling the distribution of vectors of major vector-borne diseases in Koshi Province of Nepal: A concern of expansion in diverse geo-ecological and climatic regions.
Συγγραφείς:	Roy L; Tropical and Infectious Disease Centre, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal., Uranw S; Tropical and Infectious Disease Centre, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.; Department of Internal Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal., Pote Shrestha RR; World Health Organization, Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Πηγή:	PLoS neglected tropical diseases [PLoS Negl Trop Dis] 2026 May 29; Vol. 20 (5), pp. e0013188. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 29 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101291488 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1935-2735 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19352727 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Culex/physiology , Vector Borne Diseases/epidemiology , Vector Borne Diseases/transmission , Mosquito Vectors/physiology , Insect Vectors/physiology , Phlebotomus/physiology , Psychodidae*/physiology, Nepal/epidemiology ; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission ; Animals ; Climate ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ecosystem ; Female
Περίληψη:	Background: Vector-borne diseases (VBDs), including malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue, are major public health concerns and are either slated for elimination or projected for control in Nepal. One of the major challenges in controlling these VBDs is halting their emergence and expansion in diverse geo-ecological and climatic regions. In this study, we collected vectors of major VBDs to assess their distribution, diversity, and associations with ecological variations and to provide an updated understanding of the current situation. Methodology/principal Findings: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in five districts of Koshi Province, eastern Nepal, during May and June 2023 to collect vectors across three distinct geo-ecological and climatic regions: mountains, hills, and lowlands, situated at altitudes ranging from 98 to 1,274 meters. Adult mosquitoes and sand flies were captured using CDC miniature light traps, BG-Sentinel traps, and manual aspirators. We fitted generalized linear models (GLM) with a negative binomial distribution to assess the association between vector abundance and geo-ecological and climatic variables for two vector species (Culex quinquefasciatus and Phlebotomus argentipes). We found the malaria vector, Anopheles annularis, the lymphatic filariasis vector, Cx. quinquefasciatus and the visceral leishmaniasis vector, Ph. argentipes, across all three geo-ecological regions. Other vectors of the malaria parasite, An. pseudowillmori and An. willmori, and Japanese encephalitis vector Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were recorded only in hilly districts. Mean temperature and rainfall had a positive effect on Cx. quinquefasciatus density, but a deleterious effect on Ph. argentipes. Culex quinquefasciatus and Ph. argentipes were captured in higher abundance at the household level in the hills (IRR = 1.23 and IRR = 13.00, respectively) and mountains (IRR = 1.96 and IRR = 4.00, respectively) compared with the lowlands. Conclusion: Two major vectors, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ph. argentipes were indiscriminately present in all geo-ecological regions. Climatic variables seemed conducive to vector survival, distribution, and growth across diverse altitudes from the lowlands to the high hills and mountains. Our findings highlight the need for the VBDs control programme to implement regular monitoring, strengthen existing surveillance systems, and support evidence-based planning and implementation of vector control interventions across wider geo-ecological regions to prevent disease transmission. (Copyright: © 2026 Roy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Competing Interests:	The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260529 Date Completed: 20260608 Latest Revision: 20261015
Update Code:	20261015
PubMed Central ID:	PMC13235926
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pntd.0013188
PMID:	42213710
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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ISSN:	1935-2735
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pntd.0013188