Academic Journal
Dentinal tubule penetration of sodium hypochlorite and super-oxidized water using diode laser and passive ultrasonic activation: an in vitro confocal laser scanning microscopy study.
| Τίτλος: | Dentinal tubule penetration of sodium hypochlorite and super-oxidized water using diode laser and passive ultrasonic activation: an in vitro confocal laser scanning microscopy study. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Hirani P; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. palakhirani13@gmail.com., Chandak M; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India., Patel AS; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India., Ikhar A; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India., Sedani S; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India., Pawar L; Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. |
| Πηγή: | BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2026 May 20; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 20. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Comparative Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Sodium Hypochlorite*/pharmacokinetics , Sodium Hypochlorite*/administration & dosage , Root Canal Irrigants*/pharmacokinetics , Root Canal Irrigants*/administration & dosage , Lasers, Semiconductor*/therapeutic use , Dentin*/ultrastructure , Dentin*/drug effects , Dentin*/metabolism, Root Canal Preparation/methods ; Root Canal Preparation/instrumentation ; Therapeutic Irrigation/methods ; Therapeutic Irrigation/instrumentation ; Dental Pulp Cavity/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Rhodamines ; Ultrasonics ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Random Allocation ; Dentin Permeability ; Hydrogen Peroxide |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Adequate irrigant penetration into dentinal tubules is essential for effective root canal disinfection, especially in anatomically complex areas of root canal system. Delivering irrigants into dentinal tubules, particularly in apical third, is frequently not possible with conventional needle irrigation. To improve irrigant penetration, irrigant activation methods such as passive ultrasonic and diode laser activation have been proposed. Super-oxidized water has shown potential as a less cytotoxic substitute irrigant for sodium hypochlorite; however, there is still little evidence on how well it penetrates dentinal tubules when used in conjunction with activation methods. This study used a diode laser and ultrasonic activation to assess and compare penetration of sodium hypochlorite and super-oxidized water into dentinal tubules. Methods: Sixty extracted human single-rooted permanent teeth with closed apices were utilized in this in-vitro study. Based on type of irrigant (5.25% sodium hypochlorite or super-oxidized water) and activation method (conventional needle irrigation, passive ultrasonic activation or diode laser activation), specimens were randomly allocated into 6 groups. 0.1% Rhodamine-B dye was used to label irrigants. Teeth were sectioned at coronal, middle, and apical levels following standardized canal preparation and irrigation protocols. Dentinal tubule penetration was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two-way ANOVA and repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc analysis were used for statistical evaluation, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Compared to conventional needle irrigation, activated irrigation resulted in significantly increased dentinal tubule penetration. Across all canal levels, diode laser activation showed the highest penetration, followed by passive ultrasonic activation. Conventional irrigation showed the lowest penetration. Penetration decreased from coronal to apical third in every group. Super-oxidized water demonstrated dentinal tubule penetration similar to sodium hypochlorite when used in conjunction with activation procedures; under activated conditions, there was no statistically significant difference between two irrigants. Conclusions: Regardless of irrigant utilized, irrigant activation is essential for enhancing dentinal tubule penetration. The most successful method was diode laser activation, which was followed by passive ultrasonic activation. Super-oxidized water showed penetration comparable to sodium hypochlorite when activated, suggesting its potential for further investigation as an alternative irrigant under activated irrigation conditions. (© 2026. The Author(s).) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The present in vitro study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER), Sawangi (Wardha), Maharashtra, India (Approval No.: DMIHER(DU)/IEC/2024/244; dated February 11, 2024). Extracted human teeth used in this study were obtained following institutional protocols after obtaining written informed consent from patients for use of their extracted teeth in an in vitro study. All procedures were conducted in compliance with Helsinki Declaration. Consent for publication: “Not applicable”. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Confocal laser scanning microscopy; Dentinal tubule penetration; Diode laser; Irrigant activation; Passive ultrasonic irrigation; Root canal irrigation; Sodium hypochlorite; Super-oxidized water |
| Substance Nomenclature: | DY38VHM5OD (Sodium Hypochlorite) 0 (Root Canal Irrigants) 0 (superoxidized water) 0 (Rhodamines) K7G5SCF8IL (rhodamine B) 0 (Fluorescent Dyes) BBX060AN9V (Hydrogen Peroxide) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260521 Date Completed: 20260901 Latest Revision: 20260914 |
| Update Code: | 20260915 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13531880 |
| DOI: | 10.1186/s12903-026-08649-0 |
| PMID: | 42163172 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1472-6831 |
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| DOI: | 10.1186/s12903-026-08649-0 |