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Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles optimized by Taguchi method inhibit urease activity in antibiotic-resistant helicobacter pylori.

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Τίτλος: Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles optimized by Taguchi method inhibit urease activity in antibiotic-resistant helicobacter pylori.
Συγγραφείς: Ghanbari R; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Yazdinezhad A; Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Danafar H; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Asadi S; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran., Salehabadi H; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. hsalehabadi@zums.ac.ir.
Πηγή: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2026 May 18; Vol. 16 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 18.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Urease*/antagonists & inhibitors , Urease*/metabolism , Metal Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Helicobacter pylori*/drug effects , Helicobacter pylori*/enzymology , Silver*/chemistry , Silver*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/chemistry , Drug Resistance, Bacterial*/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors*/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors*/chemistry, Green Chemistry Technology/methods ; Plant Extracts/chemistry ; Citrus/chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Particle Size
Περίληψη: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains a significant global health challenge, contributing to various gastrointestinal disorders, including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. The bacterium's urease enzyme plays a pivotal role in its survival by neutralizing gastric acidity, making urease inhibitors a promising therapeutic strategy. This study explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Persian lime (Citrus latifolia T.) fruit extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent, optimized via the Taguchi method to achieve minimal particle size for enhanced bioactivity. Characterization techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of 27.63 nm and a zeta potential of -13.8 mV, indicating good stability. The green synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent urease inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 15.02 ± 2.36 µg/mL, surpassing that of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) fruit extract (IC50= 33.31 ± 1.43 µg/mL). In contrast, chemically synthesized AgNPs counterparts exhibited minimal inhibitory activity against urease. These findings highlight the potential of green synthesized AgNPs as effective urease inhibitors with possible relevance to H. pylori-associated pathogenesis. Since H. pylori urease is structurally homologous to the jack bean urease used in this study, these results warrant further investigation using direct anti-H. pylori assays and in vivo models. The integration of natural extracts in nanotechnology not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances biocompatibility, paving the way for novel antimicrobial therapies. Consistently refer to Sample 7 conditions (pH 5, 3500 µL, 5 mM, 80 °C) as the experimentally validated optimum, while noting the Taguchi-predicted conditions where appropriate.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; Green Synthesis; Persian Lime Extract; Silver Nanoparticles; Taguchi Optimization; Urease Inhibition
Substance Nomenclature: EC 3.5.1.5 (Urease)
3M4G523W1G (Silver)
0 (Plant Extracts)
0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
0 (Enzyme Inhibitors)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260518 Date Completed: 20260719 Latest Revision: 20260726
Update Code: 20260726
PubMed Central ID: PMC13381534
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-51956-3
PMID: 42151326
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:2045-2322
DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-51956-3