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Results of an Interlaboratory Study on the Working Curve in Vat Photopolymerization II: Towards a Standardized Method.

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Τίτλος: Results of an Interlaboratory Study on the Working Curve in Vat Photopolymerization II: Towards a Standardized Method.
Συγγραφείς: Kolibaba TJ; Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA., Killgore JP; Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA., Caplins BW; Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA., Wendland RJ; Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA., Arp U; Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA., Miller CC; Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA., Zong Y; Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA., Higgins CI; Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA., Sharp JL; Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA., Broce S; 3D Systems, 26600 SW Parkway Ave #300, Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA., Wang T; Allnex USA Inc., 9005 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA., Talačka V; AmeraLabs, Draugystes g. 14, Kaunas, Lithuania., Ilginis A; AmeraLabs, Draugystes g. 14, Kaunas, Lithuania., Andersson J; Arkema, Inc., 1880 S. Flatirons Ct. Suite J, Boulder, CO 80301, USA., Davenport A; Arkema, Inc., 1880 S. Flatirons Ct. Suite J, Boulder, CO 80301, USA., Panzer MA; Carbon, Inc. 1089 Mills Way, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA., Gonzalez JM; Desktop Metal, 1122 Alma Rd. Ste. 100, Richardson, TX 75081, USA., Bui-Nguyen MD; Dreve America, 6477 City West Parkway, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA., Nickoloff R; Dreve America, 6477 City West Parkway, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA., Billerbeck K; DMG Digital Enterprises SE, Elbgaustraße 248, 22547 Hamburg, Germany., Clay AM; DEVCOM-Army Research Laboratory, FCDD-RLW-M, Manufacturing Science and Technology Branch, 6300 Roadman Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA., Fratarcangeli MR; School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA., Qi HJ; School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA., Porcincula DH; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, USA., Bezek LB; Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA., Babcock D; Molecule Corp, a Henkel Company, 5110-A Port Chicago Hwy, Concord, CA 94520, USA., Kohlbush B; Molecule Corp, a Henkel Company, 5110-A Port Chicago Hwy, Concord, CA 94520, USA., Kikuta K; Osaka Organic Chemical Industry, Ltd., 1-7-2, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo, Tokyo, Japan 103-0023., Pearlson MN; PrintFoam, 230 James St. Ste C, Wales, WI 53183, USA., Walker DA; PrintFoam, 230 James St. Ste C, Wales, WI 53183, USA., Hasa E; Stratasys, Inc., 1122 Saint Charles St, Elgin, IL 60120, USA., Aguirre-Soto A; School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Colonia Tecnológico, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México 64849., Celis-Guzman A; School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Colonia Tecnológico, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México 64849., Shah DM; OPT Industries, Inc., 85 Hicks Ave, Medford, MA 02155., Backman DE; United Therapeutics Corp., 1000 Sprint Street, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA., Sridhar RL; United Therapeutics Corp., 1000 Sprint Street, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA., Cavicchi KA; School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St., Akron, OH 44325, USA., Viereckl RJ; School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St., Akron, OH 44325, USA., Tong E; School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S Forge St., Akron, OH 44325, USA., Hansen CJ; Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA., Harms C; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA., Pena-Francesch A; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA., Antonini C; Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy., Chaudhary R; Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy., Muraca G; Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy., Bensouda Y; Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261., Zhang Y; Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261., Zhao X; Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261., Allonas X; Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093, Mulhouse, France.
Πηγή: Additive manufacturing [Addit Manuf] 2025 Jul 25; Vol. 110.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier B.V Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 101690864 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2214-8604 (Print) Linking ISSN: 22147810 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Addit Manuf Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Amsterdam : Elsevier B.V., [2014]-
Περίληψη: The working curve measurement in photopolymer additive manufacturing is a ubiquitous measure of the cure depth of a printing resin as a function of radiant exposure of light. The fit parameters from this measurement (the depth of light penetration D p and the critical exposure E c) are used to evaluate and report a resin's printability, optimize processing parameters, and inform print and resin quality control. Despite its widespread use, the working curve lacks a standard measurement method. Following up on our paper "Results of an Interlaboratory Study on the Working Curve in Vat Photopolymerization" from last year, an interlaboratory study on the working curve was performed using calibrated, reproducible, bandpass filtered light sources. With these light sources, the variability between labs in measured working curves was dramatically reduced from the initial interlaboratory study. Aggregate data from this experiment produced reliable D p and E c measurements at 385 nm of 39.2 ± 3.7 μm and 12.3 ± 3.0 mJ cm-2, respectively. At 405 nm the values of D p and E c are 69.3 ± 3.8 μm and 17.9 ± 2.3 mJ cm-2, respectively. The results are agnostic to the thickness measurement tool utilized by participants, ensuring broad applicability across laboratories. We also tested the generalizability of the proposed method of using a filtered light source by filtering a commercial 405 nm light source and obtaining a working curve in agreement with the aggregate data from the interlaboratory study. This interlaboratory study provides a basis for a documentary standard for the working curve, so that the entire photopolymer additive manufacturing industry can share reproducible and interoperable working curve data.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no competing financial interests that could influence or appear to influence this work.
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Grant Information: 9999-NIST United States ImNIST Intramural NIST DOC
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Jacobs equation; digital light processing; stereolithography; vat photopolymerization; working curve
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260504 Latest Revision: 20260921
Update Code: 20260921
PubMed Central ID: PMC13131990
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2025.104919
PMID: 42078564
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:2214-8604
DOI:10.1016/j.addma.2025.104919