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Methylcellulose coating markedly reduces tissue bioaccumulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the green toad (Bufotes sitibundus).

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Τίτλος: Methylcellulose coating markedly reduces tissue bioaccumulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the green toad (Bufotes sitibundus).
Συγγραφείς: Najibzadeh M; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, 384817758, Iran. Electronic address: masoumeh.najibzadeh@gmail.com., Mirhoseini F; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran., Kazemi A; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran; Department of Environmental Technologies, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran.
Πηγή: Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [Aquat Toxicol] 2026 Jun; Vol. 295, pp. 107823. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 12.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8500246 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1514 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0166445X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Aquat Toxicol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, c1981-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Water Pollutants, Chemical*/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/pharmacokinetics , Methylcellulose*/chemistry , Bufonidae*/metabolism , Ferric Compounds*/chemistry , Ferric Compounds*/metabolism , Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles*, Liver/metabolism ; Liver/chemistry ; Bioaccumulation/drug effects ; Muscles/metabolism ; Muscles/chemistry ; Animals ; Nanoparticles
Περίληψη: The increasing environmental release of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles has raised concerns regarding their bioaccumulation and potential ecological impacts in aquatic and semi-aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we investigated whether surface modification with methylcellulose (MC) can reduce the tissue bioaccumulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the green toad (Bufotes sitibundus). Uncoated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method, and MC-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite was prepared. Physicochemical characterization using dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy showed an increase in hydrodynamic diameter from approximately 80.6 nm for uncoated Fe3O4 to 158 nm for MC/Fe3O4, indicating improved colloidal stability following surface modification. Adult B. sitibundus specimens (n = 135) were exposed for 28 days under waterborne conditions to uncoated or MC-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles at nominal concentrations of 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg L-1. Iron concentrations in liver and muscle tissues were quantified using ICP-OES. Exposure to uncoated Fe3O4 resulted in significant, concentration-dependent increases in tissue iron levels compared to controls, with the highest accumulation observed in the liver (11,541 ± 910 mg kg-1 dry weight at 1000 mg L-1). In contrast, MC coating markedly reduced tissue bioaccumulation, with liver iron concentrations decreasing to 2819 ± 450 mg·kg-1 at the same exposure level, corresponding to an approximate 75% reduction. Regression analyses revealed strong dose-body burden relationships (R² = 0.92 for liver and R²= 0.85 for muscle), and accumulation was consistently higher in liver than in muscle. Although the nanoparticle concentrations used in this study exceed those typically reported in current environmental settings, our findings demonstrate that methylcellulose coating substantially lowers the bioavailability and tissue accumulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in an amphibian model under controlled exposure conditions. These results highlight the importance of surface modification as a safer-by-design strategy for reducing the hazard potential of engineered nanomaterials. From a methodological perspective, this study contributes to improved hazard characterization frameworks for nanoparticle risk assessment.
(Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Bioaccumulation; Ecotoxicology; Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles; Green toad; Methylcellulose
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
9004-67-5 (Methylcellulose)
0 (Ferric Compounds)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260421 Date Completed: 20260715 Latest Revision: 20260715
Update Code: 20260715
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107823
PMID: 42013713
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1879-1514
DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107823