Academic Journal
View in EDS

Effect of Austerity Measures on Infant Mortality: Evidence From Greece.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Effect of Austerity Measures on Infant Mortality: Evidence From Greece.
Authors: Kolesar RJ; Centre d'Etudes et Recherche sur le Développement International (CERDI), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France., Spruk R; University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.; The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Source: Health economics [Health Econ] 2026 Aug; Vol. 35 (8), pp. 1175-1191. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 16.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9306780 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1099-1050 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10579230 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Health Econ Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Chichester ; New York : Wiley, c1992-
MeSH Terms: Infant Mortality*/trends , Economic Recession*/statistics & numerical data, Greece/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Female ; Male ; Infant, Newborn
Abstract: Governments frequently adopt austerity policies when facing economic crises, yet their long-term consequences for population health remain incompletely understood. This paper examines the impact of large-scale fiscal austerity on infant mortality by exploiting the Troika-led economic adjustment program implemented in Greece beginning in 2010 as a quasi-experimental shock. Using the synthetic control method, we construct a counterfactual for Greece based on OECD and Union for the Mediterranean countries that did not experience austerity of comparable depth or duration. Relative to this counterfactual, Greece experienced a sharp and persistent increase in infant mortality following the onset of austerity. The divergence emerges immediately after 2010, remains statistically significant throughout the post-intervention period, and shows little evidence of full reversion prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated effect corresponds to an average 43 percent increase in the infant mortality rate. Mortality effects are larger for boys than for girls and are concentrated in the neonatal period. Accounting explicitly for the fertility decline, we estimate approximately 854 excess infant deaths cumulatively from 2010 to 2020. Extensive robustness checks support the findings. The results identify the total effect of austerity and highlight the importance of protecting early-life health during fiscal consolidation.
(© 2026 The Author(s). Health Economics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
References: Abadie, A. 2021. “Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects.” Journal of Economic Literature 59, no. 2: 391–425. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20191450.
Abadie, A., A. Diamond, and J. Hainmueller. 2010. “Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California’s Tobacco Control Program.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 105, no. 490: 493–505. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746.
Abadie, A., A. Diamond, and J. Hainmueller. 2015. “Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method.” American Journal of Political Science 59, no. 2: 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12116.
Acemoglu, D., and S. Johnson. 2007. “Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 6: 925–985. https://doi.org/10.1086/529000.
Adam, S., and C. Papatheodorou. 2016. “Dismantling the Feeble Social Protection System of Greece: Consequences of the Crisis and Austerity Measures.” In Challenges to European Welfare Systems, edited by K. Schubert, P. deVillota, and J. Kuhlmann, 271–300. Springer.
Adhikari, B., and J. Alm. 2016. “Evaluating the Economic Effects of Flat Tax Reforms Using Synthetic Control Methods.” Southern Economic Journal 83, no. 2: 437–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12152.
Alessie, R., V. Angelini, J. O. Mierau, and L. Viluma. 2018. “Economic Downturns and Infant Health.” Economics and Human Biology 30: 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2018.07.005.
Alexander, M., M. Harding, and C. Lamarche. 2011. “Quantifying the Impact of Economic Crises on Infant Mortality in Advanced Economies.” Applied Economics 43, no. 24: 3313–3323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840903559620.
Arkhangelsky, D., S. Athey, D. A. Hirshberg, G. W. Imbens, and S. Wager. 2021. “Synthetic Difference‐in‐Differences.” American Economic Review 111, no. 12: 4088–4118. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190159.
Ásgeirsdóttir, T. L., H. Corman, K. Noonan, Þ. Ólafsdóttir, and N. E. Reichman. 2014. “Was the Economic Crisis of 2008 Good for Icelanders? Impact on Health Behaviors.” Economics and Human Biology 13: 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2013.03.005.
Avendano, M. 2012. “Correlation or Causation? Income Inequality and Infant Mortality in Fixed Effects Models in the Period 1960–2008 in 34 OECD Countries.” Social Science & Medicine 75, no. 4: 754–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.017.
Bacigalupe, A., F. V. Shahidi, C. Muntaner, U. Martín, and C. Borrell. 2016. “Why Is There so Much Controversy Regarding the Population Health Impact of the Great Recession? Reflections on Three Case Studies.” International Journal of Health Services 46, no. 1: 5–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731415611634.
Bailey, M. J., and A. Goodman‐Bacon. 2015. “The War on Poverty’s Experiment in Public Medicine: Community Health Centers and the Mortality of Older Americans.” American Economic Review 105, no. 3: 1067–1104. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120070.
Barr, B., X. Zhang, M. Green, and I. Buchan. 2022. “A Blueprint for Synthetic Control Methodology: A Causal Inference Tool for Evaluating Natural Experiments in Population Health.” BMJ 379: 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2712.
Bilgel, F., and B. Galle. 2015. “Financial Incentives for Kidney Donation: A Comparative Case Study Using Synthetic Controls.” Journal of Health Economics 43: 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.06.007.
Bonander, C. 2021. “A (Flexible) Synthetic Control Method for Count Data and Other Nonnegative Outcomes.” Epidemiology 32, no. 5: 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001388.
Burki, T. 2018. “Health Under Austerity in Greece.” Lancet 391, no. 10120: 525–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(18)30242‐3.
Carlsen, F., J. Grytten, and A. Eskild. 2013. “Changes in Fetal and Neonatal Mortality During 40 Years by Offspring Sex: A National Registry‐Based Study in Norway.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471‐2393‐13‐101.
Carr, W., and S. Wolfe. 2019. “Unmet Needs as Sociomedical Indicators.” In Sociomedical Health Indicators, edited by W. Carr and S. Wolfe, 33–46. Routledge.
Catalano, R., S. Goldman‐Mellor, K. Saxton, et al. 2011. “The Health Effects of Economic Decline.” Annual Review of Public Health 32, no. 1: 431–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev‐publhealth‐031210‐101146.
Centers for Disease Control 2024. Maternal and Infant Health.
Chodorow‐Reich, G., L. Karabarbounis, and R. Kekre. 2023. “The Macroeconomics of the Greek Depression.” American Economic Review 113, no. 9: 2411–2457. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210864.
Colombo, E., V. Rotondi, and L. Stanca. 2018. “Macroeconomic Conditions and Health: Inspecting the Transmission Mechanism.” Economics and Human Biology 28: 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2017.11.005.
Commission, European, Directorate‐General for Economic and Financial Affairs 2023. Ex‐post Evaluation on the Economic Adjustment Programmes of Greece, 2010‐18: Final Report. Publications Office of the European Union.
Corsetti, G. 2012. “Has Austerity Gone Too Far?” In Austerity: Too Much of a Good Thing?, edited by G. Corsetti, 103–113. Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Cruces, G., P. Glüzmann, and L. F. López Calva. 2012. “Economic Crises, Maternal and Infant Mortality, Low Birth Weight and Enrollment Rates: Evidence From Argentina’s Downturns.” World Development 40, no. 2: 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.014.
Dallolio, L., V. Di Gregori, J. Lenzi, et al. 2012. “Socio‐Economic Factors Associated With Infant Mortality in Italy: An Ecological Study.” International Journal for Equity in Health 11: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475‐9276‐11‐45.
Davaki, K., and E. Mossialos. 2005. “Plus Ça Change: Health Sector Reforms in Greece.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 30, no. 1–2: 143–168. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878‐30‐1‐2‐143.
Dehejia, R., and A. Lleras‐Muney. 2004. “Booms, Busts, and Babies’ Health.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119, no. 3: 1091–1130. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553041502216.
Doetsch, J. N., R. Almendra, M. Severo, et al. 2023. “2008 Economic Crisis Impact on Perinatal and Infant Mortality in Southern European Countries.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 77, no. 5: 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech‐2022‐219639.
Economou, C. and World Health Organization. 2010. Greece: Health System Review. World Health Organization.
Economou, C., D. Kaitelidou, M. Karanikolos, and A. Maresso, and World Health Organization, and. 2017. Greece: Health System Review. World Health Organization.
Economou, C., D. Kaitelidou, A. Kentikelenis, A. Maresso, and A. Sissouras. 2015. “The Impact of the Crisis on the Health System and Health in Greece.” In Economic Crisis, Health Systems and Health in Europe: Country Experiences, edited by A. Maresso World Health Organization.
Efthimiadis, T., S. Papaioannou, and P. Tsintzos. 2013. “Economic Growth in Greece: The Cost of a Failed Adjustment Programme.” Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 11: 1076–1080. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.783679.
Erasun, D., J. Alonso‐Molero, I. Gómez‐Acebo, T. Dierssen‐Sotos, J. Llorca, and J. Schneider. 2021. “Low Birth Weight Trends in OECD Countries, 2000‐2015.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21: 1–8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7789240/.
Fadlon, I., and T. H. Nielsen. 2021. “Family Labor Supply Responses to Severe Health Shocks.” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 3: 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20170604.
Filippidis, F. T., V. Gerovasili, C. Millett, and Y. Tountas. 2017. “Medium‐Term Impact of the Economic Crisis on Mortality and Access to Healthcare in Greece.” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1: 46423. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46423.
Fottrell, E., D. Osrin, G. Alcock, et al. 2015. “Cause‐Specific Neonatal Mortality.” Archives of Disease in Childhood ‐ Fetal and Neonatal Edition 100, no. 5: F439–F447. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild‐2014‐307636.
Fountoulakis, K. N., N. K. Fountoulakis, P. N. Theodorakis, and K. Souliotis. 2022. “Overall Mortality Trends in Greece During Austerity.” Hippokratia 26, no. 3: 98–104. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10266329/.
Fountoulakis, K. N., and P. N. Theodorakis. 2014. “Austerity and Health in Greece.” Lancet 383, no. 9928: 1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(14)60739‐x.
Gilchrist, D., T. Emery, N. Garoupa, and R. Spruk. 2023. “Synthetic Control Method: A Tool for Comparative Case Studies in Economic History.” Journal of Economic Surveys 37, no. 2: 409–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12493.
Gourinchas, P.‐O., T. Philippon, and D. Vayanos. 2017. “The Analytics of the Greek Crisis.” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 31, no. 1: 1–81. https://doi.org/10.1086/690239.
Granados, J. A. T., and J. M. Rodriguez. 2015. “Health, Economic Crisis, and Austerity.” Health Policy 119, no. 7: 941–953. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2014/09/health‐austerity‐and‐economic‐crisis_g17a252d/5jxx71lt1zg6‐en.pdf.
Grigorakis, N., C. Floros, H. Tsangari, and E. Tsoukatos. 2018. “Determinants of Out‐of‐Pocket Payments in Health Care.” Journal of Policy Modeling 40, no. 6: 1290–1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.02.006.
Hinrichs, P. 2012. “The Effects of Affirmative Action Bans on College Enrollment, Educational Attainment, and the Demographic Composition of Universities.” Review of Economics and Statistics 94, no. 3: 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00170.
Hollingsworth, A., and C. Wing. 2020. “Tactics for Design and Inference in Synthetic Control Studies: An Applied Example Using High‐Dimensional Data.” Social Science Research Network: Working Paper No. 3592088. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/fc9xt.
Ifanti, A. A., A. A. Argyriou, F. H. Kalofonou, and H. P. Kalofonos. 2013. “Financial Crisis and Austerity Measures in Greece.” Health Policy 113, no. 1–2: 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.05.017.
Kampouraki, M., P. Paraskevopoulos, E. Fachouri, S. Terzoudis, D. Karanasios, and D. Karanasios. 2023. “Building Strong Primary Healthcare Systems in Greece.” Cureus 15, no. 7. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41333.
Karanikolos, M., P. Mladovsky, J. Cylus, et al. 2013. “Financial Crisis, Austerity, and Health in Europe.” Lancet 381, no. 9874: 1323–1331. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(13)60102‐6.
Kaul, A., S. Klößner, G. Pfeifer, and M. Schieler. 2015. “Synthetic Control Methods: Never Use all Pre‐Intervention Outcomes Together With Covariates.” MPRA Working Paper no. 83790. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/83790.html.
Kaul, A., S. Klößner, G. Pfeifer, and M. Schieler. 2022. “Standard Synthetic Control Methods: The Case of Using all Preintervention Outcomes Together With Covariates.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 40, no. 3: 1362–1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.2021.1930012.
Kentikelenis, A., M. Karanikolos, I. Papanicolas, S. Basu, M. McKee, and D. Stuckler. 2011. “Health Effects of Financial Crisis.” Lancet 378, no. 9801: 1457–1458. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(11)61556‐0.
Kentikelenis, A., M. Karanikolos, A. Reeves, M. McKee, and D. Stuckler. 2014a. “Austerity and Health in Greece—Authors’ Reply.” Lancet 383, no. 9928: 1544–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(14)60743‐1.
Kentikelenis, A., M. Karanikolos, A. Reeves, M. McKee, and D. Stuckler. 2014b. “Greece’s Health Crisis: From Austerity to Denialism.” Lancet 383, no. 9918: 748–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(13)62291‐6.
Kentikelenis, A., and I. Papanicolas. 2012. “Economic Crisis, Austerity and the Greek Public Health System.” European Journal of Public Health 22, no. 1: 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr190.
Keramidou, I., and L. Triantafyllopoulos. 2018. “Impact of Austerity on Public Hospital Service Quality in Greece.” Health Policy 122, no. 4: 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.12.008.
Kešeljević, A., and R. Spruk. 2024. “Estimating the Effects of Syrian Civil War.” Empirical Economics 66, no. 2: 671–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181‐023‐02470‐2.
Klößner, S., A. Kaul, G. Pfeifer, and M. Schieler. 2018. “Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method Revisited: A Note on Abadie et al.(2015).” Swiss journal of economics and statistics 154, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937‐017‐0004‐9.
Kotzamanis, B., K. Zafeiris, and A. Kostaki. 2022. “Mortality in Greece Before and During the Economic Recession.” In Quantitative Methods in Demography, edited by B. Kotzamanis, K. Zafeiris, and A. Kostaki, 167–187. Springer.
Kreif, N., and K. Diaz Ordaz. 2019. “Machine Learning in Policy Evaluation: New Tools for Causal Inference.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.00402. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1903.00402.
Kreif, N., R. Grieve, D. Hangartner, A. J. Turner, S. Nikolova, and M. Sutton. 2016. “Examination of the Synthetic Control Method for Evaluating Health Policies With Multiple Treated Units.” Health Economics 25, no. 12: 1514–1528. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3258.
Kubrin, C. E., B. J. Bartos, and R. McCleary. 2022. “The Debt Crisis, Austerity Measures, and Suicide in Greece.” Social Science Quarterly 103, no. 1: 120–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13118.
Laliotis, I., J. P. A. Ioannidis, and C. Stavropoulou. 2016. “Total and Cause‐Specific Mortality Before and After the Greek Economic Crisis.” Lancet Public Health 1, no. 2: e56–e65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468‐2667(16)30018‐4.
Lawn, J. E., S. Cousens, and J. Zupan. 2005. “Four Million Neonatal Deaths.” Lancet 365, no. 9462: 891–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(05)71048‐5.
McCartney, G., R. McMaster, F. Popham, R. Dundas, and D. Walsh. 2022. “Is Austerity a Cause of Slower Improvements in Mortality in High‐Income Countries? A Panel Analysis.” Social Science & Medicine 313: 115397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115397.
Michas, G., A. Varytimiadi, I. Chasiotis, and R. Micha. 2014. “Maternal and Child Mortality in Greece.” Lancet 383, no. 9918: 691–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(14)60251‐8.
Mitrakos, T. M. 2014. “Inequality, Poverty and Social Welfare in Greece: Distributional Effects of Austerity.” Études Helléniques 22, no. 1: 65–94. https://ideas.repec.org/p/bog/wpaper/174.html.
Mossialos, E., S. Allin, and K. Davaki. 2005. “Analysing the Greek Health System.” Supplement, Health Economics 14, no. S1: S151–S168. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1033.
Naeye, R. L., L. S. Burt, D. L. Wright, W. A. Blanc, and D. Tatter. 1971. “Neonatal Mortality: The Male Disadvantage.” Pediatrics 48, no. 6: 902–906. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.48.6.902.
Papademos, L., E. Venizelos, and G. Provopoulos. 2012. Greece: Letter of Intent and Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies. International Monetary Fund.
Pongou, R. 2013. “Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in Boys?” Demography 50, no. 2: 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524‐012‐0161‐5.
Pusdekar, Y. V., A. B. Patel, K. G. Kurhe, et al. 2020. “Rates and Risk Factors for Preterm Birth and Low Birthweight.” Reproductive Health 17: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978‐020‐01029‐z.
Quah, S. R. 2016. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Academic Press.
Rajmil, L., A. Hjern, N. Spencer, D. Taylor‐Robinson, G. Gunnlaugsson, and H. Raat. 2020. “Austerity Policy and Child Health.” BMC Public Health 20: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889‐020‐08732‐3.
Rajmil, L., D. Taylor‐Robinson, G. Gunnlaugsson, A. Hjern, and N. Spencer. 2018. “Trends in Child Health and Austerity.” BMJ Open 8, no. 10: e022932. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen‐2018‐022932.
Rauch, B., M. Göttsche, S. Engel, and G. Brähler. 2011. “Fact and Fiction in EU Governmental Economic Data.” German Economic Review 12, no. 3: 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468‐0475.2011.00542.x.
Reidpath, D. D., and P. Allotey. 2003. “Infant Mortality Rate as an Indicator of Population Health.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 57, no. 5: 344–346. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.5.344.
Romer, C. D. 2021. “The Fiscal Policy Response to the Pandemic.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2021, no. 1: 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2021.0009.
Sawyer, C. C. 2012. “Child Mortality Estimation: Estimating Sex Differences in Childhood Mortality Since the 1970s.” PLoS Medicine 9, no. 8: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001287.
Schell, C. O., M. Reilly, H. Rosling, S. Peterson, and A. M. Ekström. 2007. “Socioeconomic Determinants of Infant Mortality.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 3: 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/14034940600979171.
Siahanidou, T., N. Dessypris, A. Analitis, et al. 2019. “Disparities of Infant Mortality Trends in Greece.” BMJ Open 9, no. 8: e025287. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen‐2018‐025287.
Siddiqi, A., M. K. Jones, and P. C. Erwin. 2015. “Income Inequality and Infant Mortality.” Social Science & Medicine 131: 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.010.
Simou, E., and E. Koutsogeorgou. 2014. “Effects of the Economic Crisis on Health and Healthcare in Greece.” Health Policy 115, no. 2–3: 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.02.002.
Spruk, R., and M. Kovac. 2020. “Does a Ban on Trans Fats Improve Public Health: Synthetic Control Evidence From Denmark.” Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 156, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41937‐019‐0048‐0.
Staehr, K. 2013. “Austerity in the Baltic States During the Global Financial Crisis.” Intereconomics 48, no. 5: 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272‐013‐0472‐9.
Stuckler, D., A. Reeves, M. Karanikolos, and M. McKee. 2015. “Health Effects of the Global Financial Crisis.” Health Economics, Policy and Law 10, no. 1: 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744133114000255.
Stuckler, D., A. Reeves, R. Loopstra, M. Karanikolos, and M. McKee. 2017. “Austerity and Health in the UK and Europe.” Supplement, European Journal of Public Health 27, no. Suppl. 4: 18–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx167.
Ulizzi, L., and L. A. Zonta. 2002. “Sex Differential Patterns in Perinatal Deaths in Italy.” Human Biology 74, no. 6: 879–888. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2003.0012.
Vandoros, S., P. Hessel, T. Leone, and M. Avendano. 2013. “Have Health Trends Worsened in Greece?” European Journal of Public Health 23, no. 5: 727–731. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt020.
Vlachadis, N., N. Loukas, N. Antonakopoulos, et al. 2024. “Infant, Neonatal, and Post‐neonatal Mortality in Greece.” Cureus 16, no. 5: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61418.
Vlachadis, N., D. Sioutis, C. Christodoulaki, et al. 2025. “Time‐Trend Analysis of Low Birthweight in Greece.” Cureus 17, no. 4: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.81657.
Vlachadis, N., D. N. Vrachnis, N. Loukas, et al. 2024. “Secular Trends in Preterm Birth Rates in Greece.” Cureus 16, no. 8: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67295.
World Bank. 2019. Global Economic Prospects: Hightened Tensions and Subdued Investment. World Bank Group.
World Health Organization. 2022. Newborn Mortality.
Xu, Y. 2017. “Generalized Synthetic Control Method: Causal Inference With Interactive Fixed Effects Models.” Political Analysis 25, no. 1: 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2016.2.
You, D., L. Hug, S. Ejdemyr, et al. 2015. “Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in under‐5 Mortality.” Lancet 386, no. 10010: 2275–2286. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140‐6736(15)00120‐8.
Zafeiris, K. N., and A. Kostaki. 2019. “Recent Mortality Trends in Greece.” Communications in Statistics ‐ Theory and Methods 48, no. 1: 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2017.1353625.
Zavras, D., A. I. Zavras, I.‐I. Kyriopoulos, and J. Kyriopoulos. 2016. “Economic Crisis, Austerity and Unmet Healthcare Needs in Greece.” BMC Health Services Research 16: 1–7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4962475/.
Zilidis, C., and C. Hadjichristodoulou. 2020. “Economic Crisis Impact on Perinatal Outcomes and Infant Mortality in Greece.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186606.
Zografaki, I., D. Papamichail, and T. Panagiotopoulos. 2018. “Adverse Effects of the Financial Crisis on Perinatal Factors in Greece.” European Journal of Public Health 28, no. 6: 1116–1121. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky078.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Greece; austerity; infant mortality; synthetic control method
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260416 Date Completed: 20260702 Latest Revision: 20260726
Update Code: 20260726
PubMed Central ID: PMC13327493
DOI: 10.1002/hec.70107
PMID: 41988926
Database: MEDLINE
Description
ISSN:1099-1050
DOI:10.1002/hec.70107