Academic Journal
Involvement of the PD-1 pathway in the modulation of immune responses during allergic diseases.
| Τίτλος: | Involvement of the PD-1 pathway in the modulation of immune responses during allergic diseases. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Mohamed AH; Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Technical College Al-Mussaib, Department of Optometry Techniques, Najaf, Iraq. asmaa.muhammed@atu.edu.iq., Al-Samawi RI; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, PO Box 198, Karbala, Iraq., Jamali MC; Department of Health and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Liwa University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates., Abdul-Jabbar Ali S; Al Safwa University College, Karbala, Iraq., Patel AA; Department of Clinical Biochemistry , College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Mustafa AEM; Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kordofan, El Obeid, Sudan., Khairallah AS; Ophthalmology Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Mansuri N; Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Dutta AK; Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Riyadh, 13713, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia., Sadikan MZ; Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Jalan Greentown, Ipoh, 30450, Perak, Malaysia., Mahmoud ZH; Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq. |
| Πηγή: | Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] [Inflamm Res] 2026 Apr 01; Vol. 75 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 01. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Review |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Birkhäuser Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 9508160 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1420-908X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10233830 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Inflamm Res Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : Birkhäuser, c1995- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor*/immunology , Hypersensitivity*/immunology, B7-H1 Antigen/immunology ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein/immunology ; Humans ; Animals ; Signal Transduction |
| Περίληψη: | Background: In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases globally has increased markedly. This underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory networks that govern hypersensitivity responses. Controlling the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immune-mediated tissue damage through inhibitory signaling mechanisms is a key part of maintaining immune homeostasis. The PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-L2 signaling pathways are very important for this. This checkpoint has been well studied in cancer and chronic infections, but its role in allergic diseases is complex and context-dependent. Findings: PD-L1 and PD-L2 have different effects on the immune system. PD-L1 mostly lowers type 1 immunity and raises type 2 immunity, while PD-L2 mostly promotes type 1 polarization and limits type 2 inflammation. This review goes beyond the well-known asthma model to critically examine new evidence suggesting that the PD-1 pathway may be involved in a wide range of allergic disorders. We integrate recent discoveries from allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, dermatological disorders, food allergies, and anaphylaxis, emphasizing how the tissue microenvironment, cellular origin, and disease stage collectively influence whether PD-1 signaling facilitates or inhibits allergic inflammation. By analyzing contradictory findings and identifying gaps in knowledge, we present an advanced model of PD-1 function in allergy. Conclusion: We evaluate the therapeutic possibilities and associated risks of targeting this checkpoint for immunomodulation. In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases globally has increased markedly. This underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory networks that govern hypersensitivity responses. Controlling the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immune-mediated tissue damage through inhibitory signaling mechanisms is a key part of maintaining immune homeostasis. The PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-L2 signaling pathways are very important for this. This checkpoint has been well studied in cancer and chronic infections, but its role in allergic diseases is complex and context-dependent. PD-L1 and PD-L2 have different effects on the immune system. PD-L1 mostly lowers type 1 immunity and raises type 2 immunity, while PD-L2 mostly promotes type 1 polarization and limits type 2 inflammation. This review goes beyond the well-known asthma model to critically examine new evidence suggesting that the PD-1 pathway may be involved in a wide range of allergic disorders. We integrate recent discoveries from allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, dermatological disorders, food allergies, and anaphylaxis, emphasizing how the tissue microenvironment, cellular origin, and disease stage collectively influence whether PD-1 signaling facilitates or inhibits allergic inflammation. By analyzing contradictory findings and identifying gaps in knowledge, we present an advanced model of PD-1 function in allergy and evaluate the therapeutic possibilities and associated risks of targeting this checkpoint for immunomodulation. (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Allergic disorders; Allergic rhinitis; Anaphylaxis; Atopic dermatitis; Immune checkpoint; PD-1; PD-L1, PD-L2 |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 0 (Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor) 0 (PDCD1 protein, human) 0 (B7-H1 Antigen) 0 (Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260401 Date Completed: 20260714 Latest Revision: 20261010 |
| Update Code: | 20261010 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00011-026-02217-6 |
| PMID: | 41917459 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1420-908X |
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| DOI: | 10.1007/s00011-026-02217-6 |