Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	Global ocean heat content over the past 3 million years.
Συγγραφείς:	Shackleton S; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA. sarah.shackleton@whoi.edu.; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. sarah.shackleton@whoi.edu., Hishamunda V; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA., Yan Y; State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China., Carter A; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA., Morgan J; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA., Severinghaus J; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA., Aarons S; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA., Marks-Peterson J; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA., Epifanio J; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA., Buizert C; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA., Brook E; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA., Kurbatov AV; Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA., Bender ML; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China., Higgins J; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Πηγή:	Nature [Nature] 2026 Mar; Vol. 651 (8106), pp. 653-657. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 18.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group Original Publication: London, Macmillan Journals ltd.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Seawater/analysis , Seawater/chemistry , Hot Temperature* , Oceans and Seas*, Global Warming/history ; Antarctic Regions ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover
Περίληψη:	The Pleistocene epoch was characterized by global cooling and an increase in the intensity and duration of glacial cycles. Regional surface and subsurface ocean temperature records follow distinct trends over this interval, suggesting dynamic changes in zonal and meridional heat transport and ocean circulation. These differing trends also complicate efforts to determine the evolution of total ocean heat content. Here we provide a record of mean ocean temperature over the past 3 million years from noble gas (Xe/Kr) measurements in shallow ice cores recovered in the Allan Hills blue ice area, Antarctica¹. The stratigraphically complex records preclude reconstruction of individual glacial cycles and probably represent a weighted averaging of glacial and interglacial conditions². Nonetheless, we find pronounced cooling roughly coincident with the Plio-Pleistocene Transition (around 2.7 million years ago), and steady temperatures across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (1.2 to 0.8 million years ago). Comparisons with a recent global sea surface temperature compilation³ show broad consistency in long-term cooling but important differences at the Plio-Pleistocene and Mid-Pleistocene transitions. We suggest that the different trends in surface temperature and mean ocean temperature during these intervals are related to a redistribution of heat between the surface and subsurface via changes in deep water formation and upwelling. Our temperature record also permits an estimate of global ice volume changes between 3 and 0.5 million years ago through a deconvolution of the benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O record and points to a period of enhanced ice sheet growth around the time of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
Competing Interests:	Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information:	NSF-2019719 US National Science Foundation
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260319 Date Completed: 20260319 Latest Revision: 20261009
Update Code:	20261009
DOI:	10.1038/s41586-026-10116-3
PMID:	41851326
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

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Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1476-4687
DOI:	10.1038/s41586-026-10116-3