The effect of breathing exercises and mindset with or without cold exposure on mental and physical health in persons with a spinal cord injury-Results of a randomized controlled trial.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος:	The effect of breathing exercises and mindset with or without cold exposure on mental and physical health in persons with a spinal cord injury-Results of a randomized controlled trial.
Συγγραφείς:	de Groot S; Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, the Netherlands.; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Ettema FW; Reade Center for Rehabilitation & Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., van der Bijll M; Reade Center for Rehabilitation & Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Janssen TW; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Achterberg-Warmer WJ; Reade Center for Rehabilitation & Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands., Hoekstra SP; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA.; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
Συλλογικό Έργο:	WHM study group
Πηγή:	Clinical rehabilitation [Clin Rehabil] 2026 Aug; Vol. 40 (8), pp. 1016-1034. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 11.
Τύπος έκδοσης:	Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
Γλώσσα:	English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού:	Publisher: SAGE Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8802181 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1477-0873 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02692155 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Rehabil Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):	Publication: London : SAGE Publications Original Publication: London : Edward Arnold ; New York : Cambridge University Press [distributor in North America], c1987-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH):	Spinal Cord Injuries/rehabilitation , Spinal Cord Injuries/psychology , Spinal Cord Injuries/physiopathology , Breathing Exercises/methods , Cold Temperature*, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Mental Health ; Treatment Outcome ; Health Status
Περίληψη:	ObjectiveTo examine the effects of the Wim Hof Method (WHM), with cold exposure (WHM-C) and without (WHM-NC), on mental and physical health in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).DesignRandomized-controlled trial.SettingRehabilitation center.ParticipantsSixty-two adults with chronic SCI (37% tetraplegia, 41% motor complete) were randomized into three groups: WHM-C, WHM-NC, and usual care (UC).InterventionThe intervention groups participated in a 7-week program involving weekly supervised sessions and daily home practice. WHM-NC included breathing exercises and mindset training, while WHM-C also incorporated cold exposure. UC participants received no intervention.Main measuresThe primary outcome was the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-5) score. Secondary outcomes included inflammatory and metabolic markers, pulmonary function, body composition, sleep quality, spasticity, chronic pain, and psychological stress.ResultsWHM-NC had eight dropouts, mostly due to motivation or unrelated medical issues, while WHM-C and UC had one dropout each. No significant differences in MHI-5 scores were observed between groups. However, WHM-C participants reported reduced pain interference in daily activities compared to UC (p=0.027). WHM-C also showed improvements in inspiratory parameters FIV1 (+27%, p=0.02) and PIF (+23%, p=0.02) and a significant reduction in fasting glucose concentration (-6%, p=0.006) compared to UC.ConclusionsWhile 44% of WHM-NC dropped out, WHM-C appears to be a feasible, effective intervention for improving aspects of physical health and pain perception in a broad group of individuals with chronic SCI, although no significant mental health benefits were observed.
Competing Interests:	Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
References:	J Holist Nurs. 2025 Dec;43(4):354-376. (PMID: 39150318) Spinal Cord. 2012 Sep;50(9):707-10. (PMID: 22487956) Spinal Cord. 2008 Jul;46(7):466-76. (PMID: 18180789) J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Apr;84(4):822-48. (PMID: 12703651) Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Feb 12;100(6):e24564. (PMID: 33578552) PLoS One. 2019 Dec 2;14(12):e0225749. (PMID: 31790484) Nat Med. 2015 Aug;21(8):863-5. (PMID: 26147760) Sci Rep. 2023 Oct 16;13(1):17517. (PMID: 37845341) Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009 Nov 30;169(2):157-64. (PMID: 19682607) J Spinal Cord Med. 2014 Nov;37(6):693-702. (PMID: 25001559) J Spinal Cord Med. 1999 Winter;22(4):297-302. (PMID: 10751134) Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 15;200(8):e70-e88. (PMID: 31613151) Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 May;83(5):390-5. (PMID: 15100631) Spinal Cord. 2024 May;62(5):237-240. (PMID: 38491303) Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. (PMID: 2748771) J Clin Med. 2022 Apr 15;11(8):. (PMID: 35456308) BMC Neurol. 2020 Jan 21;20(1):32. (PMID: 31964353) Curr Psychol. 2022 Oct 7;:1-13. (PMID: 36248220) Spinal Cord. 2006 Apr;44(4):242-8. (PMID: 16151446) Disabil Rehabil. 2023 Mar;45(6):1030-1037. (PMID: 35306932) Cryobiology. 2010 Aug;61(1):22-6. (PMID: 20385115) Front Physiol. 2022 Jun 28;13:917084. (PMID: 35837014) Psychiatry Res. 1983 Jan;8(1):13-8. (PMID: 6300950) Int J Circumpolar Health. 2004 May;63(2):140-4. (PMID: 15253480) Arch Oral Biol. 2007 Aug;52(8):797-802. (PMID: 17321484) Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Sep 20;20(18):. (PMID: 37754643) Spinal Cord. 2015 Sep;53(9):663-7. (PMID: 25777334) Health Psychol Rev. 2014;8(4):404-25. (PMID: 25211208) World J Orthop. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):24-33. (PMID: 25621208) Bone Joint Res. 2022 Jul;11(7):477-483. (PMID: 35796196) N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 9;360(15):1500-8. (PMID: 19357405) J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(2):199-206. (PMID: 4009520) BMJ. 2025 Apr 14;389:e081124. (PMID: 40228832) Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2018 Spring;24(2):133-140. (PMID: 29706757) Ann Surg Oncol. 2014 Jul;21(7):2353-60. (PMID: 24604584) Adv Mind Body Med. 2022 Summer;36(3):12-20. (PMID: 36308505) Spinal Cord. 2018 Aug;56(8):750-761. (PMID: 29581519) Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2024 Feb;136(3-4):87-93. (PMID: 37530998) J Int Med Res. 2022 Apr;50(4):3000605221089883. (PMID: 35437052) PLoS One. 2024 Mar 13;19(3):e0286933. (PMID: 38478473) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 20;111(20):7379-84. (PMID: 24799686) J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005 May-Jun;42(3):291-304. (PMID: 16187242)
Contributed Indexing:	Keywords: Breathing Exercises* / methods; Cold Temperature; Health Status; Mental Health; Spinal Cord Injuries / complications; Spinal Cord Injuries* / rehabilitation
Entry Date(s):	Date Created: 20260311 Date Completed: 20260731 Latest Revision: 20260828
Update Code:	20260828
PubMed Central ID:	PMC13428070
DOI:	10.1177/02692155261428705
PMID:	41810770
Βάση Δεδομένων:	MEDLINE

Full Text Finder

Περιγραφή
ISSN:	1477-0873
DOI:	10.1177/02692155261428705