Academic Journal
Capped silver nanoparticle penetration in primary dentition: an in vitro SEM-EDS analysis.
| Τίτλος: | Capped silver nanoparticle penetration in primary dentition: an in vitro SEM-EDS analysis. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Almuqrin A; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia. a.almuqrin@uq.edu.au.; School of Dentistry, The University of Hail, Hail, 2440, Saudi Arabia. a.almuqrin@uq.edu.au., Seneviratne CJ; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia., Mendhi J; Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia., Walsh LJ; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia., Zafar S; School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia. s.zafar@uq.edu.au. |
| Πηγή: | BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2026 Feb 12; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 12. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Comparative Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Tooth, Deciduous*/ultrastructure , Metal Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Silver*/chemistry , Silver*/pharmacokinetics, Caseins/chemistry ; Dentin/ultrastructure ; Dentin/metabolism ; Silver Compounds/chemistry ; Silver Compounds/pharmacokinetics ; Cariostatic Agents/chemistry ; Cariostatic Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Citric Acid/chemistry ; Fluorides/pharmacokinetics ; Fluorides/chemistry ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Dentin Permeability ; Surface Properties ; Chemical Precipitation ; Fluoride Treatment ; Fluorides, Topical |
| Περίληψη: | PURPOSE: This study investigated the extent and distribution (surface coverage) of penetration of custom-synthesised silver nanoparticles functionalised with two different organic capping agents (casein capped and citrate capped silver nanoparticles). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracted human primary teeth were sectioned into dentine slices, etched to remove the smear layer, and treated topically with either the nanoparticles, silver fluoride (positive control) or deionised water (negative control). Following fixation, dehydration, and carbon coating, samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with backscattered electron detector. The presence of nanoparticles was verified with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for spot elemental analysis. Penetration depths were measured from longitudinal-view micrographs, and data were statistically analysed. RESULTS: All silver nanoparticles treated specimens exhibited evident surface precipitation and intratubular infiltration. Citrate-capped nanoparticles demonstrated greater penetration (32.5 ± 8.9 μm) than casein-capped (19.3 ± 7.1 μm); however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.056). In contrast, silver fluoride exhibited significantly deeper and denser infiltration (117.7 ± 29.1 μm), forming continuous intratubular precipitates. EDS confirmed characteristic Ag peaks in all treated samples. CONCLUSION: Silver nanoparticles successfully infiltrated dentinal tubules. However, their penetration was shallower than silver fluoride, likely due to lower silver concentration. Their strong surface retention and controlled diffusion indicate potential for use as topical agents. Further optimisation of particle concentration and application protocol may enhance intratubular diffusion while maintaining biological safety. |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. |
| References: | Kidd E, Fejerskov O. What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J Dent Res. 2004;83(1 Suppl):C35–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910408301s07 . (PMID: 10.1177/154405910408301s0715286119) Sumikawa DA, Marshall G, Gee L, Marshall S. Microstructure of primary tooth dentin. Pediatr Dent. 1999;21(7):439–44. PMID: 10633518. (PMID: 10633518) de los Angeles Moyaho-, Bernal M, Contreras-Bulnes R, Rodríguez-Vilchis LE, Rubio-Rosas E. Changes in deciduous and permanent dentinal tubules diameter after several conditioning protocols: in vitro study. Microsc Res Tech. 2018;81(8):865–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23048 . (PMID: 10.1002/jemt.23048) Kouchi Y, Ninomiya J, Yasuda H, Fukui K, Moriyama T, Okamoto H. Location of Streptococcus mutans in the dentinal tubules of open infected root canals. J Dent Res. 1980;59(12):2038–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345800590120301 . (PMID: 10.1177/002203458005901203017019277) Al-Nazhan S, Al-Sulaiman A, Al-Rasheed F, Alnajjar F, Al-Abdulwahab B, Al-Badah A. Microorganism penetration in dentinal tubules of instrumented and retreated root canal walls: in vitro SEM study. Restor Dentistry Endodontics. 2014;39(4):258–64. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.258 . (PMID: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.258) Kiesow A, Menzel M, Lippert F, Tanzer JM, Milgrom P. Dentin tubule occlusion by a 38% silver diamine fluoride gel: an in vitro investigation. Br Dent J Open. 2022;8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41405-022-00095-8 . (PMID: 10.1038/s41405-022-00095-8) Menzel M, Kiesow A, de Souza e Silva JM. Nano-CT characterization of dentinal tubule occlusion in SDF-treated dentin. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42805-8 . (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-023-42805-83774184910517917) Rajendra A, Veitz-Keenan A, Oliveira BH, Ruff RR, Wong MC, Innes NP, et al. Topical silver diamine fluoride for managing dental caries in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;7:CD012718. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd012718.pub2 . (PMID: 10.1002/14651858.cd012718.pub2) Sayed M, Matsui N, Uo M, Nikaido T, Oikawa M, Burrow MF, et al. Morphological and elemental analysis of silver penetration into sound/demineralized dentin after SDF application. Dent Mater. 2019;35(12):1718–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.111 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.11131582323) Li Y, Liu Y, Psoter WJ, Nguyen OM, Bromage TG, Walters MA, et al. Assessment of the silver penetration and distribution in carious lesions of deciduous teeth treated with silver diamine fluoride. Caries Res. 2019;53(4):431–40. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496210 . (PMID: 10.1159/00049621030808824) Sulyanto RM, Kang M, Srirangapatanam S, Berger M, Candamo F, Wang Y, et al. Biomineralization of dental tissues treated with silver diamine fluoride. J Dent Res. 2021;100(10):1099–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345211026838 . (PMID: 10.1177/00220345211026838343231078381688) Almuqrin A, Kaur IP, Walsh LJ, Seneviratne CJ, Zafar S. Amelioration strategies for silver diamine fluoride: moving from black to white. Antibiotics. 2023;12(2):298. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020298 . (PMID: 10.3390/antibiotics12020298368302099951939) Craig GG, Shi JX. Unexpected sequel to the application of silver fluoride followed by stannous fluoride to an open carious lesion in a primary molar: a case report. Clin Experimental Dent Res. 2024;10(2):e838. https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.838 . (PMID: 10.1002/cre2.838) Almuqrin A, Seneviratne CJ, Walsh L, Zafar S. Tailored synthesis and profiling of capped silver and selenium nanoparticles for topical applications in paediatric dentistry. Dentistry J. 2025;13(1):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13100456. de Sousa Iwamoto LA, Duailibi MT, Iwamoto GY, et al. Evaluation of ethylene oxide, gamma radiation, dry heat and autoclave sterilization processes on extracellular matrix of biomaterial dental scaffolds. Sci Rep. 2022;12:4299. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08258-1 . (PMID: 10.1038/s41598-022-08258-1352775568916068) de Andrade MCM, Rosenblatt A, Galembeck A. Silver nanoparticles penetration in dentin: implications for long-term caries arrestment. Materialia. 2022;24:101489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101489 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101489) Lee H, An S. Antibacterial effects of silver fluoride and difluorosilane-based varnish on Streptococcus mutans. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dentistry. 2022;49(4):497–504. https://doi.org/10.5933/JKAPD.2022.49.4.497 . (PMID: 10.5933/JKAPD.2022.49.4.497) Kowoll T, Müller E, Fritsch-Decker S, Hettler S, Störmer H, Weiss C, et al. Contrast of backscattered electron SEM images of nanoparticles on substrates with complex structure. Scanning. 2017;2017:4907457. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4907457 . (PMID: 10.1155/2017/4907457291098165661778) Kader AAK, Chandran S, Unnikrishnan KKR, Mannur NA, Gupta A, Subramani SK. Investigation of the potential of nanoparticles as a new drug delivery system for endodontic treatment. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 4):S3446–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_941_24 . (PMID: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_941_243992688411805281) |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 3M4G523W1G (Silver) 0 (Caseins) 1Z00ZK3E66 (silver fluoride) 0 (Silver Compounds) 0 (Cariostatic Agents) 2968PHW8QP (Citric Acid) Q80VPU408O (Fluorides) 0 (Fluorides, Topical) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260212 Date Completed: 20260627 Latest Revision: 20260715 |
| Update Code: | 20260716 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13220508 |
| DOI: | 10.1186/s12903-026-07768-y |
| PMID: | 41680711 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1472-6831 |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.1186/s12903-026-07768-y |