Academic Journal
Towards a better understanding of saponification for the determination of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in edible oils and fats - Evaluation and optimization of current protocols.
| Τίτλος: | Towards a better understanding of saponification for the determination of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in edible oils and fats - Evaluation and optimization of current protocols. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Koch M; Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Schützenberg 12, 32756, Detmold, Germany; Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: maximilian.koch@mri.bund.de., Hamscher G; Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany. Electronic address: gerd.hamscher@uni-giessen.de., Brühl L; Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food, Schützenberg 12, 32756, Detmold, Germany. Electronic address: ludger.bruehl@mri.bund.de. |
| Πηγή: | Analytica chimica acta [Anal Chim Acta] 2025 Nov 22; Vol. 1376, pp. 344591. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Sep 02. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0370534 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-4324 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00032670 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anal Chim Acta Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: Amsterdam : Elsevier Original Publication: Amsterdam. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Mineral Oil*/analysis , Mineral Oil*/chemistry , Hydrocarbons*/analysis , Fats*/chemistry, Hydrolysis |
| Περίληψη: | Background: Saponification is the primary procedure employed for the enrichment of saturated MOH (MOSH) and aromatic MOH (MOAH), possibly inducing a considerable variability to the results. Previous studies only investigated this phenomenon following the application of auxiliary methods, which are known as major sources of uncertainty. Consequently, the assessment of saponification has never been conducted exclusively, to evaluate performance, elucidate intertwined uncertainties and identify the most appropriate internal standards (IST) for quantification after saponification. Results: For the first time, saponification protocols of DGF C-VI 22 (20) and ISO 20122:2024 have been assessed in a novel approach. For MOAH and polyaromatic MOAH sufficient recoveries between 100 and 108 % were achieved, but only if 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene (TBB) was used for quantification. For MOSH, a second extraction was required to achieve satisfactory results with a recovery rate between 102 and 108 %, when bicyclohexyl (Cycy) was used for calculation. The variability of IST ratios could be associated primarily with the free fatty acids formed during alkaline hydrolysis, inducing a discrimination related to the degree of alkylation. To overcome the limitations of IST suitability, a novel saponification/extraction protocol was developed offering decreased IST ratio deviations, improved hydrolysis performance and better purified extracts combined in a robust and routine-suitable approach without the need for specialised equipment. Significance: This work concludes the most suitable ISTs for the quantification of MOSH and MOAH after saponification. In order to further reduce the variability and enable quantification by other ISTs, an improved method for a broad spectrum of users was developed and tested. (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Extraction; LC-GC-FID; Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH); Mineral oil hydrocarbon (MOH); Polycyclic aromatic MOAH; Saponification |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 8020-83-5 (Mineral Oil) 0 (Hydrocarbons) 0 (Fats) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20251010 Date Completed: 20251010 Latest Revision: 20251010 |
| Update Code: | 20260130 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.aca.2025.344591 |
| PMID: | 41072993 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1873-4324 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.aca.2025.344591 |