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Space Impacts Temporal Processing via a Visual-Dependent Spatially Organized Neural Architecture.

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Τίτλος: Space Impacts Temporal Processing via a Visual-Dependent Spatially Organized Neural Architecture.
Συγγραφείς: Amadeo MB; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy mariabianca.amadeo@iit.it., Cuppini C; Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy., Tonelli A; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.; School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia., Tammurello C; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.; Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa 16145, Italy., Setti W; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy., Campus C; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy., Signorini S; Developmental Neurophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy., Cocchi E; Fondazione Chiossone, Genova, Italy., Bonino M; Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Lecco 23849, Bosisio Parini, Italy., Tinelli F; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa 56128, Italy., Camicione P; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy., Serafino M; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy., Gori M; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.
Πηγή: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience [J Neurosci] 2026 Jan 07; Vol. 46 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 07.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Society for Neuroscience Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8102140 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1529-2401 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02706474 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Washington, DC : Society for Neuroscience
Original Publication: [Baltimore, Md.] : The Society, c1981-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Space Perception*/physiology , Time Perception*/physiology , Visual Perception*/physiology, Blindness/physiopathology ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Child ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Middle Aged ; Acoustic Stimulation
Περίληψη: Establishing the temporal relationship between stimuli challenges the brain, requiring some tolerance for asynchronies to form coherent representations. Based on the theory of implicit causal inference, we hypothesized that temporal processing of events is influenced by spatial features as stimuli coming from the same spatial location are most likely to derive from a common source and, consequently, implicitly merged in time. As visual experience guides the formation of neural sensory maps, we expected the spatial influence on temporal processing to depend on visual experience. In Experiment 1, 41 sighted children and adults (22 females) judged the temporal order of auditory and tactile stimuli delivered to the same or different hands (somatotopic manipulation), with hands either close or far apart (spatiotopic manipulation). In Experiment 2, sighted individuals (15 females) were compared with 26 early blind children and adults (12 females) during the somatotopic manipulation with hands far apart. Results revealed an improvement of temporal resolution with age in sighted individuals, while blind children performed similarly to adults. Notably, spatial features affected the temporal processing of sighted but not blind people, regardless of age. Sighted participants showed higher temporal tolerance toward asynchronies in the case of somatotopic or spatiotopic congruence. A bioinspired neurocomputational model has been developed to unveil neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between spatial and temporal processing. The model demonstrates that temporal processing is mediated by a spatially organized synaptic architecture, which requires visual experience to develop. Without vision, spatial alignment may not be conceptualized as a prior influencing temporal processing.
(Copyright © 2025 Amadeo et al.)
Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
References: PLoS Comput Biol. 2015 Dec 08;11(12):e1004649. (PMID: 26646312)
Cognition. 2013 Feb;126(2):301-6. (PMID: 23099123)
Neuroimage. 2014 May 15;92:248-66. (PMID: 24518261)
Neurosci Lett. 2006 Apr 3;396(3):207-11. (PMID: 16356634)
Prog Brain Res. 2009;174:119-35. (PMID: 19477335)
Exp Brain Res. 2004 Sep;158(2):252-8. (PMID: 15112119)
Percept Psychophys. 2006 Nov;68(8):1363-71. (PMID: 17378422)
Percept Psychophys. 2003 Feb;65(2):318-28. (PMID: 12713247)
J Neurosci. 2011 Aug 17;31(33):11745-7. (PMID: 21849534)
J Exp Child Psychol. 2019 Jul;183:208-221. (PMID: 30913423)
Neuropsychologia. 2009 Aug;47(10):2037-43. (PMID: 19467354)
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010 May;72(4):871-84. (PMID: 20436185)
Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):433-6. (PMID: 9176952)
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Apr;36(4):1179-87. (PMID: 22330729)
Exp Brain Res. 2009 Jan;192(3):343-58. (PMID: 18762928)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 25;92(9):3844-8. (PMID: 7731993)
Exp Brain Res. 2010 May;203(1):51-62. (PMID: 20300931)
J Neurosci. 2017 Oct 18;37(42):10097-10103. (PMID: 28947578)
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2005 Mar;118(3):277-91. (PMID: 15698825)
Exp Brain Res. 2005 Oct;166(3-4):528-37. (PMID: 16091968)
PLoS One. 2007 Sep 26;2(9):e943. (PMID: 17895984)
J Exp Child Psychol. 2018 Sep;173:304-317. (PMID: 29783043)
Exp Brain Res. 2005 Dec;167(4):635-40. (PMID: 16175363)
Nat Neurosci. 2001 Jul;4(7):759-65. (PMID: 11426234)
Perception. 2005;34(10):1251-62. (PMID: 16309118)
Biol Cybern. 1995 Sep;73(4):357-66. (PMID: 7578475)
Curr Biol. 2019 May 6;29(9):1491-1497.e4. (PMID: 30955931)
Exp Brain Res. 2007 Oct;182(4):537-48. (PMID: 17643239)
Eur J Neurosci. 2002 May;15(9):1499-508. (PMID: 12028360)
Int J Psychophysiol. 2003 Oct;50(1-2):165-80. (PMID: 14511844)
Percept Psychophys. 1983 Feb;33(2):113-20. (PMID: 6844102)
Neuroimage. 2023 Jul 1;274:120140. (PMID: 37120042)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):869-75. (PMID: 9448253)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 1;103(31):11808-13. (PMID: 16864789)
Front Hum Neurosci. 2017 Oct 30;11:518. (PMID: 29163099)
J Vis. 2017 Mar 1;17(3):10. (PMID: 28355623)
Neurosci Lett. 2005 Apr 29;379(1):63-8. (PMID: 15814201)
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2019 Mar;45(3):354-362. (PMID: 30730176)
J Exp Child Psychol. 2016 Jun;146:17-33. (PMID: 26897264)
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):153-63. (PMID: 12063139)
Front Comput Neurosci. 2023 Oct 19;17:1258590. (PMID: 37927544)
Dev Sci. 2021 Jan;24(1):e13001. (PMID: 32506580)
Elife. 2020 Sep 18;9:. (PMID: 32945257)
Commun Biol. 2022 Jun 30;5(1):601. (PMID: 35773473)
Neural Netw. 2013 Jan;37:1-47. (PMID: 23149242)
Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Nov;46(9):2481-2498. (PMID: 28949035)
Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):437-42. (PMID: 9176953)
Curr Biol. 2004 Jan 20;14(2):121-4. (PMID: 14738733)
PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Aug 05;6(8):. (PMID: 20700493)
PLoS Biol. 2015 Feb 24;13(2):e1002073. (PMID: 25710328)
Commun Biol. 2020 Feb 11;3(1):64. (PMID: 32047263)
Curr Biol. 2003 Jul 1;13(13):R519-21. (PMID: 12842029)
Neuropsychologia. 2008 Sep;46(11):2845-50. (PMID: 18603271)
Neuron. 2005 Oct 20;48(2):373-84. (PMID: 16242415)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: auditory–tactile; blindness; neural modeling; spatial perception; temporal perception
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20251008 Date Completed: 20260107 Latest Revision: 20260630
Update Code: 20260701
PubMed Central ID: PMC12782747
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1444-24.2025
PMID: 41062282
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Space Impacts Temporal Processing via a Visual-Dependent Spatially Organized Neural Architecture.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Amadeo+MB%22">Amadeo MB</searchLink>; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy mariabianca.amadeo@iit.it.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cuppini+C%22">Cuppini C</searchLink>; Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tonelli+A%22">Tonelli A</searchLink>; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.; School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tammurello+C%22">Tammurello C</searchLink>; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.; Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa 16145, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Setti+W%22">Setti W</searchLink>; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Campus+C%22">Campus C</searchLink>; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Signorini+S%22">Signorini S</searchLink>; Developmental Neurophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cocchi+E%22">Cocchi E</searchLink>; Fondazione Chiossone, Genova, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bonino+M%22">Bonino M</searchLink>; Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Lecco 23849, Bosisio Parini, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tinelli+F%22">Tinelli F</searchLink>; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa 56128, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Camicione+P%22">Camicione P</searchLink>; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Serafino+M%22">Serafino M</searchLink>; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova 16147, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gori+M%22">Gori M</searchLink>; Unit for Visually Impaired People (U-VIP), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16152, Italy.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Society+for+Neuroscience%22">Society for Neuroscience </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>8102140 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1529-2401 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2202706474%22">02706474 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Neurosci <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: Establishing the temporal relationship between stimuli challenges the brain, requiring some tolerance for asynchronies to form coherent representations. Based on the theory of implicit causal inference, we hypothesized that temporal processing of events is influenced by spatial features as stimuli coming from the same spatial location are most likely to derive from a common source and, consequently, implicitly merged in time. As visual experience guides the formation of neural sensory maps, we expected the spatial influence on temporal processing to depend on visual experience. In Experiment 1, 41 sighted children and adults (22 females) judged the temporal order of auditory and tactile stimuli delivered to the same or different hands (somatotopic manipulation), with hands either close or far apart (spatiotopic manipulation). In Experiment 2, sighted individuals (15 females) were compared with 26 early blind children and adults (12 females) during the somatotopic manipulation with hands far apart. Results revealed an improvement of temporal resolution with age in sighted individuals, while blind children performed similarly to adults. Notably, spatial features affected the temporal processing of sighted but not blind people, regardless of age. Sighted participants showed higher temporal tolerance toward asynchronies in the case of somatotopic or spatiotopic congruence. A bioinspired neurocomputational model has been developed to unveil neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between spatial and temporal processing. The model demonstrates that temporal processing is mediated by a spatially organized synaptic architecture, which requires visual experience to develop. Without vision, spatial alignment may not be conceptualized as a prior influencing temporal processing.<br /> (Copyright © 2025 Amadeo et al.)
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  Data: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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  Label: References
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  Data: PLoS Comput Biol. 2015 Dec 08;11(12):e1004649. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226646312%22">26646312)</searchLink><br />Cognition. 2013 Feb;126(2):301-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223099123%22">23099123)</searchLink><br />Neuroimage. 2014 May 15;92:248-66. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224518261%22">24518261)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Lett. 2006 Apr 3;396(3):207-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216356634%22">16356634)</searchLink><br />Prog Brain Res. 2009;174:119-35. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219477335%22">19477335)</searchLink><br />Exp Brain Res. 2004 Sep;158(2):252-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215112119%22">15112119)</searchLink><br />Percept Psychophys. 2006 Nov;68(8):1363-71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217378422%22">17378422)</searchLink><br />Percept Psychophys. 2003 Feb;65(2):318-28. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212713247%22">12713247)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2011 Aug 17;31(33):11745-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221849534%22">21849534)</searchLink><br />J Exp Child Psychol. 2019 Jul;183:208-221. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230913423%22">30913423)</searchLink><br />Neuropsychologia. 2009 Aug;47(10):2037-43. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219467354%22">19467354)</searchLink><br />Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010 May;72(4):871-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220436185%22">20436185)</searchLink><br />Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):433-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229176952%22">9176952)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Apr;36(4):1179-87. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222330729%22">22330729)</searchLink><br />Exp Brain Res. 2009 Jan;192(3):343-58. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218762928%22">18762928)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 25;92(9):3844-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227731993%22">7731993)</searchLink><br />Exp Brain Res. 2010 May;203(1):51-62. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220300931%22">20300931)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2017 Oct 18;37(42):10097-10103. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228947578%22">28947578)</searchLink><br />Acta Psychol (Amst). 2005 Mar;118(3):277-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215698825%22">15698825)</searchLink><br />Exp Brain Res. 2005 Oct;166(3-4):528-37. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216091968%22">16091968)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2007 Sep 26;2(9):e943. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217895984%22">17895984)</searchLink><br />J Exp Child Psychol. 2018 Sep;173:304-317. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2214511844%22">14511844)</searchLink><br />Percept Psychophys. 1983 Feb;33(2):113-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%226844102%22">6844102)</searchLink><br />Neuroimage. 2023 Jul 1;274:120140. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237120042%22">37120042)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3;95(3):869-75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229448253%22">9448253)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Aug 1;103(31):11808-13. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216864789%22">16864789)</searchLink><br />Front Hum Neurosci. 2017 Oct 30;11:518. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229163099%22">29163099)</searchLink><br />J Vis. 2017 Mar 1;17(3):10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228355623%22">28355623)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Lett. 2005 Apr 29;379(1):63-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215814201%22">15814201)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2019 Mar;45(3):354-362. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230730176%22">30730176)</searchLink><br />J Exp Child Psychol. 2016 Jun;146:17-33. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226897264%22">26897264)</searchLink><br />Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Jun;14(1):153-63. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212063139%22">12063139)</searchLink><br />Front Comput Neurosci. 2023 Oct 19;17:1258590. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237927544%22">37927544)</searchLink><br />Dev Sci. 2021 Jan;24(1):e13001. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232506580%22">32506580)</searchLink><br />Elife. 2020 Sep 18;9:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232945257%22">32945257)</searchLink><br />Commun Biol. 2022 Jun 30;5(1):601. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235773473%22">35773473)</searchLink><br />Neural Netw. 2013 Jan;37:1-47. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223149242%22">23149242)</searchLink><br />Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Nov;46(9):2481-2498. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228949035%22">28949035)</searchLink><br />Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):437-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229176953%22">9176953)</searchLink><br />Curr Biol. 2004 Jan 20;14(2):121-4. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2214738733%22">14738733)</searchLink><br />PLoS Comput Biol. 2010 Aug 05;6(8):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220700493%22">20700493)</searchLink><br />PLoS Biol. 2015 Feb 24;13(2):e1002073. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225710328%22">25710328)</searchLink><br />Commun Biol. 2020 Feb 11;3(1):64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232047263%22">32047263)</searchLink><br />Curr Biol. 2003 Jul 1;13(13):R519-21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212842029%22">12842029)</searchLink><br />Neuropsychologia. 2008 Sep;46(11):2845-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218603271%22">18603271)</searchLink><br />Neuron. 2005 Oct 20;48(2):373-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216242415%22">16242415)</searchLink>
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>auditory–tactile; blindness; neural modeling; spatial perception; temporal perception
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  Group: ID
  Data: 41062282
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=41062282
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1444-24.2025
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Blindness physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photic Stimulation methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Young Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adolescent
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Middle Aged
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acoustic Stimulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Space Perception physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time Perception physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Visual Perception physiology
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Space Impacts Temporal Processing via a Visual-Dependent Spatially Organized Neural Architecture.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Amadeo MB
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cuppini C
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tonelli A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tammurello C
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Setti W
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Campus C
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Signorini S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cocchi E
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Bonino M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tinelli F
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Camicione P
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Serafino M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Gori M
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 07
              M: 01
              Text: 2026 Jan 07
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1529-2401
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 46
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
              Type: main
ResultId 1